Antibiotics are substances that inhibit the growth of living cells or lead to their death. May be of natural or semi-synthetic origin. Used to treat infectious diseases caused by the growth of bacteria and harmful microorganisms.
Universal
These drugs are used in cases where it is impossible to accurately determine the causative agent of the infection. Their advantage is a large list of microorganisms that are sensitive to the active substance. But there is also a drawback: in addition to pathogenic bacteria, broad-spectrum antibiotics contribute to suppression of the immune system and disruption of normal intestinal microflora.
List of strong new generation antibiotics with a wide spectrum of action:
New generation antibiotics are notable for their deeper degree of purification active substance. Thanks to this, the drugs have much less toxicity compared to earlier analogues and cause less harm to the body as a whole.
Narrowly targeted:
Bronchitis
The list of antibiotics for cough and bronchitis usually does not differ from the list of broad-spectrum drugs. This is explained by the fact that the analysis of sputum takes about seven days, and until the causative agent of the infection is definitely identified, a drug with maximum number bacteria sensitive to it.
In addition, recent studies show that in many cases the use of antibiotics in the treatment of bronchitis is unjustified. The point is that the purpose similar drugs effective if the nature of the disease is bacterial. If the cause of bronchitis is a virus, antibiotics will not have any positive effect.
Commonly used antibiotic drugs for inflammatory processes in the bronchi:
Angina
List of antibiotics for sore throat:
The listed antibiotics are effective against sore throats caused by bacteria, most often bethemolytic streptococci. As for the disease caused by fungal microorganisms, the list is as follows:
Colds and flu (ARI, ARVI)
Antibiotics for common cold are not included in the list of necessary medications, given the fairly high toxicity of antibiotics and possible side effects. Treatment with antiviral and anti-inflammatory drugs, as well as restoratives, is recommended. In any case, it is necessary to consult a therapist.
Sinusitis
List of antibiotics for sinusitis - in tablets and for injections:
Containing or stopping the growth of microbes is achieved by various methods (sets of measures): antiseptics, sterilization, disinfection, chemotherapy. Accordingly, the chemicals that are used to implement these measures are called sterilizing agents, disinfectants, antiseptics and antimicrobial chemotherapy. Antimicrobial chemicals are divided into two groups: 1) non-selective- destructive to most microbes (antiseptics and disinfectants), but at the same time toxic to the cells of the macroorganism, and (2) I haveselective actions(chemotherapeutic agents)..
Chemotherapeutic antimicrobialsmedicines- This chemicals that are used to treat infectious diseases etiotropic
treatment (i.e., directed at the microbe as the cause of the disease), as well as (rarely and sharplyhorny!) to prevent infections.
Chemotherapy drugs are administered inside the body, so they must have a detrimental effect on infectious agents, but at the same time be non-toxic to humans and animals, i.e. have selectivity of action.
Currently, thousands of chemical compounds with antimicrobial activity are known, but only a few dozen of them are used as chemotherapeutic agents.
Based on which microbes chemotherapy drugs act on, they determine spectrum their activities:
acting on cellular forms of microorganisms (antibacterial, antifungalhigh, antiprotozoal).Antibacterial, in turn, are usually divided into drugs narrow And wide spectrum of action: narrow- when the drug is active against only large quantity varieties of either gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria, and wide - if the drug acts on a sufficiently large number of species of representatives of both groups.
antiviral chemotherapy drugs.
In addition, there are some antimicrobial chemotherapeutic drugs that also have againsttumoral activity.
By type of action chemotherapy drugs are distinguished:
"Microbicidal"(bactericidal, fungicidal, etc.), i.e., having a detrimental effect on microbes due to irreversible damage;
"Microbostatic" i.e., inhibiting the growth and reproduction of microbes.
Antimicrobial chemotherapeutic agents include the following groups of drugs:
Antibiotics(act only on cellular forms of microorganisms; antitumor antibiotics are also known).
Synthetic chemotherapy drugs of different chemical structures (among them there are drugs that act either on cellular microorganisms or on non-cellular forms of microbes).
7.1.1. Antibiotics
The fact that some microbes can somehow inhibit the growth of others has been well known for a long time. Back in 1871-1872. Russian scientists V. A Manassein and A. G. Polotebnov observed the effect when treating infected wounds by applying mold. Observations by L. Pasteur (1887) confirmed that antagonism in the microbial world is a common phenomenon, but its nature was unclear. In 1928-1929 Fleming discovered a strain of the mold fungus penicillium (Penicillium notatum), releasing a chemical that inhibits the growth of staphylococcus. The substance was named "penicillin", but only in 1940 H. Flory and E. Chain were able to obtain a stable preparation of purified penicillin - the first antibiotic to be found wide application at the clinic. In 1945, A. Fleming, H. Florey and E. Chain were awarded Nobel Prize. In our country, a great contribution to the doctrine of antibiotics was made by Z. V. Ermolyeva and G. F. Gause.
The term “antibiotic” itself (from the Greek. anti, bios- against life) was proposed by S. Waksman in 1942 to designate natural substances, produced microorganisms and in low concentrations antagonistic to the growth of other bacteria.
Antibiotics are chemotherapy drugs from chemical compounds biological origin (natural), as well as their semi-synthetic derivatives and synthetic analogues, which in low concentrations have a selective damaging or destructive effect on microorganisms and tumors.
7.1.1.1. Sources and methods of obtaining antibiotics
The main producers of natural antibiotics are microorganisms, which, being in their natural environment(mainly in the soil), synthesize antibiotics as a means of survival in the struggle for existence. Animal and plant cells can also produce some substances with a selective antimicrobial effect (for example, phytoncides), but they have not received widespread use in medicine as antibiotic producers
Thus, the main sources for obtaining natural and semi-synthetic antibiotics were:
Actinomycetes(especially streptomycetes) are branching bacteria. They synthesize the majority of natural antibiotics (80%).
Molds- synthesize natural beta-lactams (fungi of the genus Cephalosporiurr, And Penicillium) n fusidic acid.
Typical bacteria- for example, eubacteria, bacilli, pseudomonads - produce bacitracin, polymyxins and other substances that have an antibacterial effect.
There are three main ways to obtain antibiotics:
biological synthesis (this is how natural antibiotics are obtained - natural fermentation products, when producing microbes that secrete antibiotics during their life processes are cultivated under optimal conditions);
biosynthesis with subsequent chemical modifications(this is how semi-synthetic antibiotics are created). First, it is obtained through biosynthesis natural antibiotic, and then its original molecule is modified by chemical modifications, for example, certain radicals are added, as a result of which the antimicrobial and pharmacological characteristics of the drug are improved;
chemical synthesis (this is how synthetic products are obtained analogues natural antibiotics, for example chloramphenicol/chloramphenicol). These are substances that have the same structure.
like a natural antibiotic, but their molecules are chemically synthesized.
7.1.1.2. Classification of antibiotics by chemical structure
Based on their chemical structure, antibiotics are grouped into families (classes):
beta-lactams(penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams)
glycopeptides
* aminoglycosides
tetracyclines
macrolides (and azalides)
lincosamides
chloramphenicol (chloramphenicol)
rifamycins
polypeptides
polyenes
different antibiotics(fusidic acid, ruzafungin, etc.)
Beta-lactams. The basis of the molecule is a beta-lactam ring, when destroyed, drugs lose their activity; type of action - bactericidal. Antibiotics in this group are divided into penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems and monobactams.
Penicillins. Natural drug - benzylpene-nicillin(penicillin G) - is active against gram-positive bacteria, but has many disadvantages: it is quickly eliminated from the body, destroyed in acidic environment stomach, is inactivated by penicillinases - bacterial enzymes that destroy the beta-lactam ring. Semi-synthetic penicillins, obtained by adding various radicals to the base of natural penicillin - 6-aminopenicillanic acid, have advantages over natural preparation, including a wide range of actions:
depot preparations(bicillin), lasts about 4 weeks (creates a depot in the muscles), is used to treat syphilis, prevent relapses of rheumatism;
acid-resistant(phenoxymethylpenicillin), oral administration;
penicillinase-resistant(methicillin, oxacyl-pl), but they have a rather narrow spectrum;
wide range(ampicillin, amoxicillin);
antipseudomonas(carboxypenicillins- carbe-nicillin, ureidopenicillins- piperacillin, azlo-cillin);
combined(amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, ampicillin + sulbactam). These drugs contain inhibitors enzymes - beta-lactamases(clavulanic acid, etc.), which also contain a beta-lactam ring in their molecule; their antimicrobial activity is very low, but they easily bind to these enzymes, inhibit them and thus protect the antibiotic molecule from destruction.
V Cephalosporins. The spectrum of action is wide, but they are more active against gram-negative bacteria. According to the sequence of introduction, there are 4 generations (generations) of drugs, which differ in activity spectra, resistance to beta-lactamases and some pharmacological properties, so drugs of the same generation Not replace drugs of another generation, but complement them.
1st generation(cefazolin, cephalothin, etc.)- more active against gram-positive bacteria, destroyed by beta-lactamases;
2nd generation(cefuroxime, cefaclor, etc.)- more active against gram-negative bacteria, more resistant to beta-lactamases;
3rd generation(cefotaxime, ceftazidime, etc.) - more active against gram-negative bacteria, highly resistant to beta-lactamases;
4th generation(cefepime, etc.)- act mainly on gram-positive, some gram-negative bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, resistant to the action of beta-lactamases.
Carbapenems(imipenem, etc.)- of all beta-lactams they have the widest spectrum of action and are resistant to beta-lactamases.
Monobactams(aztreonam, etc.) - resistant to beta-lactamases. The spectrum of action is narrow (very active against gram-negative bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa).
GLYCOPEPTIDES(vancomycin and teicoplanin) - These are large molecules that have difficulty passing through the pores of gram-negative bacteria. As a result, the spectrum of action is limited to gram-positive bacteria. They are used for resistance or allergy to beta-lactams, for pseudomembranous colitis caused by Clostridium difficile.
AMINOGLICOSIDES- compounds whose molecules include amino sugars. The first drug, streptomycin, was obtained in 1943 by Vaksman as a treatment for tuberculosis.
Now there are several generations of drugs: (1) streptomycin, kanamycin, etc., (2) gentamicin,(3) sisomycin, tobramycin, etc. The drugs are bactericidal, the spectrum of action is wide (especially active against gram-negative bacteria, they act on some protozoa).
TETRACYCLINES is a family of large molecular drugs containing four cyclic compounds. Currently, semi-synthetics are mainly used, for example doxycycline. Action type - static. The spectrum of action is wide (especially often used to treat infections caused by intracellular microbes: rickettsia, chlamydia, mycoplasma, brucella, legionella).
MACROLIDES(and azalides) are a family of large macrocyclic molecules. Erythromycin- the most famous and widely used antibiotic. Newer drugs: azithromycin, clarithromycinmycin(they can be used only 1-2 times a day). The spectrum of action is wide, including intracellular microorganisms, legionella, hemophilus influenzae. The type of action is static (although, depending on the type of microbe, it can also be cidal).
LINCOSAMIDES(lincomycin and its chlorinated derivative - clindamycin). Bacteriostatics. Their spectrum of action is similar to macrolides; clindamycin is especially active against anaerobes.
POLYPEPTIDES(polymyxins). The spectrum of antimicrobial action is narrow (Gram-negative bacteria), the type of action is bactericidal. Very toxic. Application - external; currently not in use.
POLYENES(amphotericin B, nystatin etc.). Antifungal drugs, the toxicity of which is quite high, are therefore often used topically (nystatin), and for systemic mycoses, the drug of choice is amphotericin B.
7.1.2. Synthetic antimicrobial chemotherapy drugs
Using chemical synthesis methods, many substances have been created that are not found in living nature, but are similar to antibiotics in mechanism, type and spectrum of action. In 1908, P. Ehrlich synthesized salvarsan, a drug for the treatment of syphilis, based on organic arsenic compounds. However, the scientist’s further attempts to create similar drugs - “magic bullets” - against other bacteria were unsuccessful. In 1935, Gerhardt Domagk proposed pron-tosil (“red streptocide”) for the treatment of bacterial infections. The active principle of Prontosil was sulfonamide, which was released when Prontosil decomposed in the body.
To date, many varieties of antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal synthetic chemotherapeutic drugs of different chemical structures have been created. The most significant groups include: sulfonamides, nitroimidazoles, quinolones and fluoroquinolones, imidazoles, nitrofurans, etc.
A special group consists of antiviral drugs (see section 7.6).
SULPHANAMIDES. The basis of the molecule of these drugs is the para-amino group, therefore they act as analogues and competitive antagonists of para-aminobenzoic acid, which is necessary for bacteria to synthesize vital folic (tetrahydrofolic) acid - a precursor of purine and pyrimidine bases. Bacteriostatics, the spectrum of action is wide. The role of sulfonamides in the treatment of infections has recently declined because there are many resistant strains, side effects are serious, and the activity of sulfonamides is generally lower than that of antibiotics. The only drug in this group that continues to be widely used in clinical practice, is a co-trimoxazole analogue. Co-trimoxazole (bactrim, 6ucenmol)- a combination drug that consists of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. Both components act synergistically, potentiating each other's action. Acts bactericidal. Trimethoprim blocks-
Table 7.1. Classification of antimicrobial chemotherapy drugs by mechanism of action
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors
Beta-lactams (penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams)
Glycopeptides
Synthesis inhibitors
Aminodicosides
Tetracyclines
Chloramphenicol
Lincosamides
Macrolides
Fusidic acid
Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors
Inhibitors of nucleic acid precursor synthesis
Sulfonamides
Trimethoprim DNA replication inhibitors
Quinolones
Nitroimidazoles
Nitrofurans RNA polymerase inhibitors
Rifamycins
Function inhibitors
cell membranes
Polymyxins
Imidazoles
synthesizes folic acid, but at the level of another enzyme. Used for urinary tract infections caused by gram-negative bacteria.
QUINOLONES. The first drug of this class is nalidixic acid (1962). She has limited
The spectrum of action, resistance to it quickly develops, is used in the treatment of urinary tract infections caused by gram-negative bacteria. Nowadays, so-called fluoroquinolones are used, i.e., fundamentally new fluorinated compounds. Advantages of fluoroquinolones - different ways administration, bactericidal
action, good tolerability, high activity at the injection site, good permeability through the histohematic barrier, fairly low risk of developing resistance. In fluoroquinolones (qi-profloxacin, norfloxacin etc.) the spectrum is wide, the type of action is cidial. Used for infections caused by gram-negative bacteria (including Pseudomonas aeruginosa), intracellular
They are especially active against anaerobic bacteria, since only these microbes are able to activate metronidazole through reduction. Action type -
cidal, spectrum - anaerobic bacteria and protozoa (Trichomonas, Giardia, dysenteric amoeba). IMIDAZOLES (clotrimazole etc.). Antifungal drugs act at the level of the cytoplasmic membrane. NITROFURANS (furazolidone etc.). Action type
twiya - cidal, spectrum - wide. Are accumulating
in urine in high concentrations. They are used as uroseptics for the treatment of urinary tract infections.
The term itself antibacterial drugs» shows the principle of action directed against bacteria. They are prescribed only when infectious processes; using them for allergies and viruses is useless.
Antibacterial chemicals were originally called synthetic drugs that are created artificially, but have a similar effect to antibiotics in suppressing bacteria.
At that time only sulfonamides were classified as such. With the creation of antibiotics, they were also included in this class.
With the creation of the strongest antibacterial drugs, similar to antibiotics and even superior to them, the concept of antibiotic has expanded and today is used as a synonym for antibacterial agents, which includes everything.
This is wrong; antibacterial drugs and antibiotics are different things. Antibiotics are only component antibacterial.
Antibiotics are essentially substances that some microorganisms produce against others to destroy them. These are natural substances originally.
Antibacterial agents include antibiotics, antiseptics, antimicrobials and antibacterials. Their purpose is to destroy pathogenic microorganisms (germs).
These smallest forms of life arose long before the advent of man and are thriving to this day. All environment populated by billions of bacteria that live both outside and inside the human body.
Microbes include bacteria (they do not have a nucleus), some fungi, protists (they have a nucleus and are familiar to everyone since school curriculum- for example, ciliates), archaea. They are not necessarily single-celled, but they are all living.
This is in contrast to viruses and prions (protein structures in tissues that have the ability to reproduce), which can only develop in living host cells. This is why antibiotics cannot affect viruses. They can only be affected antiviral drugs and some antiseptics. In turn, antiviral drugs are useless for bacterial infections.
Antiseptics - act on all microorganisms, but are used only externally. These include iodine, alcohol, potassium permanganate. They disinfect wounds and prevent decomposition processes.
Antimicrobial agents - can be used both externally and internally (orally, by injection, in suppositories, etc.). These include sulfonamides.
Antibiotics are a narrower group of drugs that are effective against bacteria and protozoa (for example, malarial plasmodia, chlamydia, etc.). They are divided this way: antibacterial and antiprotozoal.
According to the method of use, they also include antiseptics and antimicrobials; for example, Levomycetin, Amoxicillin.
Those antimicrobial and antiseptic drugs that act on fungi are antifungal or antimycotic drugs.
All antibacterial drugs include 6 groups:
Their action will be discussed below.
In 1928, penicillin was discovered by A. Fleming, who discovered it by accident on bread mold and gave it its name. The mold of this fungus destroyed the staphylococcus colonies in the Petri dish. But no one was delighted, because the drug turned out to be very unstable and quickly destroyed.
But only 10 years later, in 1938, a drug was created in which penicillin remained in active form. This was done by the Englishmen from Oxford, Howard Flory and Ernst Chain; they isolated it in its pure form.
The production of this drug began in 1943, and saved the lives of millions of people in the war, turning the course of history. And in 1945 these three scientists received the Nobel Prize.
In the USSR, Krustozin was created in 1942, which turned out to be one and a half times more effective than foreign penicillin. It was created by microbiologist Zinaida Ermolyeva.
Today, a lot of antibiotics have been created and their classifications are based on the principle of action and chemical structure.
Based on their effects, all antibiotic agents are divided into bacteriostatic and bactericidal. Bacteriostatics – stop the proliferation of bacteria, but do not destroy them.
In the second group, bacteria die and are excreted through the kidneys and feces. Bactericidal activity manifests itself in the suppression of all types of synthesis: proteins, DNA, bacterial cell membranes.
So, antibacterial agents can be divided as follows:
The classification by chemical structure currently used looks like this:
Antibiotics are available in tablets, ampoules, ointments, sprays, drops, suppositories and syrup. Accordingly, there are different methods of application.
The frequency of administration and duration are prescribed by the doctor. Syrups are mainly prescribed to young children. Methods of administration: oral; injection; local.
Local application can be external, intranasal, intravaginal, rectal. Injection forms used for infections with moderate and severe course. In these cases, the antibiotic enters the blood quickly, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract.
All details are discussed by the doctor and do not depend on the patient’s knowledge. For example, Abaktal is diluted before administration with glucose; physical the antibiotic solution destroys, and, therefore, the treatment will not be effective.
Otherwise, it is unacceptable to self-medicate, although there are detailed instructions to their use.
The duration of treatment is at least 7-10 days, even despite the improvement in health.
Uncontrolled use of antibiotics today has led to the fact that they are often ineffective. This happens because bacteria become resistant to these agents.
Therefore, in order to immediately get into the top ten, it is necessary to identify the type of pathogen and the sensitivity of the pathogen to a particular antibiotic.
For this purpose, a cultural diagnostic method is used using the method of bacterial inoculation. This is ideal. But it often happens that help is needed quickly, and culture will reveal the result in a few days.
In such cases, the doctor empirically, assuming a possible pathogen, prescribes the antibiotic that has proven to be the most effective in the given region.
Most often, broad-spectrum antibiotics are used for this. If the analysis is ready by then, it becomes possible to replace the antibiotic with the desired one if the prescribed one does not have an effect within 3 days.
The mechanism of resistance may be as follows:
Antibiotics can only destroy bacteria, fungi and protozoa; for viruses, their use is inappropriate. That is why antibiotics do not work for ARVI, since 99% of ARVI are viral in origin.
And this is also why antibiotics are effective for sore throats, since they are caused by streptococci and staphylococci. The same picture is observed with pneumonia. 80% of them are caused by bacteria. At viral pneumonia the doctor may prescribe antibiotics to prevent a secondary infection at the end of antiviral therapy.
If a person uses alcohol and antibiotics together, he, first of all, attacks his liver, since all antibacterial agents are decomposed by the liver, like alcohol.
In addition, some drugs themselves may, by chemical reactions combine with alcohol and reduce its effectiveness. Among such agents are Trichopolum, Cefaperazone, Levomycetin, etc.
Treatment of pregnant women with antibiotics is always difficult, since the teratogenicity of the prescribed drug is taken into account. In the 1st trimester, their use is completely excluded; in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters they can be prescribed, but with caution and in exceptional cases. During these weeks, the baby’s main organs are already formed, but there is always a risk of adverse effects.
Do not use antibiotics to the expectant mother impossible if diagnosed with: tonsillitis, pyelonephritis, infected wound, sepsis, pneumonia, STIs; specific infections: borelliosis, brucellosis, TB, etc.
Penicillins, cephalosporins, Josamycin and Erythromycin, Azithromycin, Gentamicin do not have a teratogenic effect (the last 2 drugs can be used for health reasons). Cephalosporins cross the placenta very little to harm the fetus.
Not prescribed during pregnancy:
Why is there so little information about the effects of antibiotics on the fetus? Because such experiments on humans are prohibited. And the metabolism of humans and laboratory animals is not 100% the same, so the results may vary.
In addition to the antibacterial effect, antibiotics have a systemic effect on the body, so there are always side effects.
These include:
Also, during antibacterial therapy, vitamin metabolism is disrupted due to inhibition of the microflora of the large intestine, where some vitamins are synthesized.
A more rare, but complex and dangerous reaction is the Jarisch-Herxheimer bacteriolysis reaction. It can occur with the massive death of bacteria from a bactericidal antibiotic with the same massive release of their toxins into the blood. The downstream reaction resembles ITS.
Allergic reactions can lead to anaphylactic shock; that's why it's dangerous to inject antibiotics at home; you won't be able to help here. emergency assistance to the patient.
Taking antibacterial drugs affects the gastrointestinal tract and most often this manifests itself in the inhibition of intestinal microflora, which is expressed by diarrhea syndrome and disrupts metabolism in general. This is dysbacteriosis, the scientific name of which is antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Therefore, along with antibacterial therapy, pre- and probiotics should always be prescribed.
Many internet-savvy young mothers, at the slightest sign of a cold, immediately start taking antibiotics themselves and giving them to their children. This is a grave mistake.
Antibiotics do not have preventive action. If there is no pathogen other than side effects you won't get anything. Antibacterial and antimicrobial drugs for children in the treatment of infections are used today unambiguously, but only when its bacterial origin is identified.
Preventive antibiotics can be prescribed in a hospital only when surgical operations to prevent the development of secondary infection; The maximum dose is administered half an hour before surgery once. Without purulent complications Antibacterial therapy is not prescribed after surgery.
The second case is the administration of an antibiotic in the presence of an infected wound. The purpose of this is to suppress the infection before it manifests itself.
And the third point is for emergency prevention(unprotected sex - to prevent syphilis and gonorrhea).
Rules for antibiotic treatment:
It is carried out only when the specified bacteria is detected on the gastric mucosa:
Only broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs are used. They are used in conjunction with other medications to exclude side effects. For example, the use of antibiotics and OCs leads to unplanned pregnancy.
Today there is no shortage of medicines - pharmacies can offer several drugs with similar effects. We have prepared for you a list of broad-spectrum antibiotics in tablets so that you can avoid unnecessary confusion, because everyone pharmacological agent there are certain features.
Depending on the nature of the main active ingredient, several groups of antibiotics are distinguished. Each of them may be preferable to others depending on the patient’s condition, his age and past illnesses.
The most effective and frequently used group is penicillins. They can be of natural and synthetic origin. Here are the most popular drugs for oral use:
These drugs can be prescribed during pregnancy and children. They are effective for various types bacterial infections– both in the respiratory organs and in the genitourinary system. Can be used for suppuration as a result of operations and injuries. A similar broad-spectrum antibiotic is taken 3 tablets a day, unless the doctor gives other recommendations. The disadvantages of penicillins include frequent cases of allergies to this entire group of drugs.
Cephalosporins can be offered as an alternative to penicillins. Typically, antibiotics of this type are prescribed intramuscularly and intravenously; only Cefixime can be taken orally.
Another large group of broad-spectrum antibiotics are macrolides. The action of these drugs is slower, since their purpose is not to kill bacteria, but to stop their reproduction. As a plus, rare cases of allergies can be noted. Here are the most popular drugs:
This type of broad-spectrum antibiotic is also prescribed 3 tablets per day for adults.
The most powerful antibioticsThe most strong antibiotics broad spectrum of action belong to the group of fluoroquinolones. They are prescribed only in emergency situations because of 
a large number of side effects and possible contraindications. First of all, it is prohibited to stay in the sun for 3 days after the end of treatment. These drugs belong to this group.
To combat pathogenic microorganisms - bacteria, protozoa, fungi - antimicrobial and antifungal agents. Their action is based on destroying microbes or blocking their reproduction.
Then it copes with the stopped infection immune system person. It is not always possible to accurately determine the type of microorganism that caused the disease. In these cases, the drug of choice becomes antimicrobials broad action capable of dealing with various types infections.
Based on their activity against types of microorganisms, antibiotics are divided into:
By breadth of coverage by means:
According to the mechanism of action on pathogenic microorganisms:
Majority antimicrobials It is toxic to the patient’s body and has a negative effect on the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract and some other organs. This imposes certain rules for taking antimicrobial agents. Doses are prescribed to kill germs as quickly as possible. It is not recommended to interrupt the course, even if the patient's condition improves.
Antibacterial medications are effective against many types of infection. This is their main advantage - the ability to use it when the causative agent of the disease is not clearly identified, or there is a polyinfection. To the disadvantages generic drugs refers to the fact that they can destroy useful intestinal microflora, causing dysbiosis.
Whatever the scope of an antimicrobial agent, it is not able to destroy all types of pathogens. Some are intended primarily for the treatment of diseases respiratory tract, others cope better with infections genitourinary system. Therefore, in treatment, those means are used that are most effective in relation to certain human systems and organs.
Characteristic signs of bronchitis and pneumonia are:
The use of antibiotics for bronchitis has its own characteristics. IN initial stage the infection is usually caused by viruses, against which antibacterial drugs are not effective. At acute bronchitis antimicrobial drugs are not usually prescribed.
When bronchitis progresses to chronic form To viral infections bacterial ones join. In these cases, universal antibiotics are prescribed that can destroy many types of pathogenic bacteria.
The doctor determines which antibacterial agent for bronchitis and pneumonia will be most effective in each specific case. The ideal option is to identify the causative agent of the disease. But do a sputum analysis various reasons It doesn't always work out.
Therefore, antibacterial drugs are most often prescribed, which are effective against most infections that cause bronchitis and pneumonia. Usually these are drugs from the group of macrolides and penicillins.
Of the first, most often:
From the penicillin group:
Various medications may be taken different forms, for example, augmentin tablets and azithromycin injection.
All organs of the urinary system - kidneys, bladder, urinary tract, urethra. The most common diseases to which urinary system, – urethritis, pyelonephritis, cystitis.
When taking urological antibiotics, it is important to maintain a constant concentration of the drug in the blood. This is achieved by taking an antibiotic at a certain interval. During treatment you should not drink alcohol.
The most commonly used antibacterial medications in urology:
Attention! Old medications, such as 5-nock, to which bacteria have become resistant, are not only useless, but also harmful, since precious time is lost.
Application antibacterial ointments convenient and effective for local infections that have developed on the skin or mucous membranes. The absorption of their active substances into the bloodstream is minimal, so the resorptive (occurring after the drug is absorbed into the blood) effect is minimized.
Unlike systemic medications, ointments have virtually no negative effects on the body and do not cause bacterial resistance to active substance.Besides, therapeutic effect after a single application it lasts about 10 hours. This allows you to maintain the desired concentration of the medicine at the site of the disease with two or three applications per day, unlike most tablets, which have to be taken 3-5 times a day.
Broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs - ointments (tetracycline, erythromycin, etc.) are used for preventive and therapeutic purpose in the following cases.
Universal drugs are convenient because they can be taken as initial therapy for an unspecified pathogen. They are also indicated for complicated severe infections, when there is no time to wait for the results of culture for the pathogen.
Depending on their purpose, antimicrobial agents are divided into the following groups.
Direct antibacterial agents are the largest group of drugs for systemic use. According to the production method, they are natural, semi-synthetic and synthetic. The action is to destroy bacteria or disrupt their reproduction mechanism.
Antiseptics, intended mainly for local use for focal infectious lesions of the skin and mucous membranes.
Antimycotics. Formulas designed to combat fungi. Available in forms for systemic and local (external) use.
Antiviral drugs are designed to destroy or block the reproduction of viruses. Presented in the form of tablets, injections and ointments.
Antituberculosis means. Their object is the causative agent of tuberculosis - Koch's bacillus.
The main classification of antibiotics is the division by chemical structure, which determines its role in treatment. Based on this factor, all antibacterial agents are divided into groups.
Penicillin. The first group of antibiotics discovered, effective against many infectious diseases.
Cephalosporins. They have a bactericidal effect similar to penicillin, but are highly resistant to beta-lactamases produced by bacteria. Used to treat infections of the lower and upper respiratory tract (lower and upper respiratory tract) urinary tract) and others.
Note! Bacteria produce beta-lactamase enzymes (β-lactamases), which make them more resistant to certain types of antibiotics - penicillin, cephalosporins. To combat beta-lactamases, beta-lactamase inhibitors are taken along with antibiotics.
Aminoglycosides. E effectively destroy aerobic and gram-negative bacteria, but are among the most toxic antibacterial agents.
Tetracyclines manufactured or modified from natural substances. They are most widely used in the form of ointments.
Fluoroquinolones have a powerful bactericidal effect. They are used in the treatment of diseases of the respiratory system and ENT diseases.
Sulfonamides. Used in the treatment of respiratory tract infections, ENT and genitourinary organs, gastrointestinal tract, etc.
The drugs are effective against most pathogenic microorganisms. Their use makes it possible to cope with diseases whose causative agent is not precisely identified, as well as with polyinfections. The list of broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents most often prescribed by doctors is as follows:
Attention! Antimicrobial agents often cause allergic reactions, manifested by redness, rash, itching skin. To combat them, antibiotics are simultaneously prescribed antihistamines. It is necessary to carefully read the instructions for medications regarding contraindications and side effects, and if you have any doubts, notify your doctor.
Ideally, antibacterial chemotherapy should be aimed at a specific pathogen. However, determining the etiology of the infection in most hospitals on the day the patient is admitted is impossible. Therefore, most often the initial prescription of universal antibiotics is done empirically.
Antimicrobial agents are powerful universal medicines that are effective against infectious diseases of various organs and systems. In many cases they are the drug of choice.
However, overuse of antibiotics can harm the body, lead to bacterial resistance, and make it difficult or even impossible to treat bacterial infections in the future. Therefore, self-medication with antibiotics is extremely undesirable; each use should be preceded by consultation with a specialist.
