Powder for the preparation of suspension for oral administration white or white with a cream tint.
Excipients: sorbitol - 2.639 g, sodium saccharinate - 0.01 g, aspartame - 0.01 g, colloidal silicon dioxide - 0.006 g, hypromellose - 0.018 g, titanium dioxide - 0.012 g, milk flavor - 0.1 g, caramel flavor - 0.05 g, flavoring cream - 0.05 g.
3 g - three-layer bags (20) - cardboard packs.
Aceclofenac is an NSAID with anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. Its mechanism of action is based on inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.
At rheumatic diseases The anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect of aceclofenac helps to significantly reduce the severity of pain, morning stiffness, and swelling of the joints, which improves functional state patient.
Suction
After oral administration, aceclofenac is rapidly absorbed. Cmax in the blood is reached approximately 1.25-3 hours after administration of the drug. Eating slows the rate of absorption, but does not affect the extent of absorption.
Distribution
Aceclofenac has a high affinity for proteins (>99.7%). Aceclofenac penetrates into synovial fluid, where its concentration reaches 60% of the concentration in blood plasma. V d is almost 30 l.
Metabolism
It is believed that aceclofenac is metabolized by the CYP2C9 isoenzyme. The main metabolite is 4-OH-aceclofenac. Among large number metabolites were also isolated 4-OH-diclofenac.
Removal
The average T1/2 is 4-4.3 hours. Clearance is approximately 5 l/hour. Approximately 2/3 of the administered dose of the drug is excreted by the kidneys, mainly in the form of conjugated hydroxyl metabolites. Only 1% of a single dose taken orally is excreted unchanged.
Pharmacokinetics various groups patients
In elderly patients, no changes in the pharmacokinetics of aceclofenac were detected.
In patients with reduced liver function, after a single dose of aceclofenac, a slowdown in the rate of drug elimination was detected. In a study of multiple doses of aceclofenac at a dose of 100 mg 1 time / day, no differences in pharmacokinetic parameters were found in patients with mild and moderate liver cirrhosis and patients not suffering from this disease.
In patients with mild or medium degree No clinically significant differences in pharmacokinetic parameters were detected after a single dose of the drug.
Symptomatic treatment:
- osteoarthritis;
- ankylosing spondylitis.
To relieve inflammation and pain syndrome at:
- lumbago;
- toothache;
— humeroscapular periarthritis;
- rheumatic lesions of soft tissues.
The drug is intended for symptomatic therapy, reducing pain and inflammation at the time of use, does not affect the regression of the disease.
Dysmenorrhea.
— erosive and ulcerative lesions Gastrointestinal tract in the acute phase (incl. ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease);
— gastrointestinal bleeding or suspicion of it;
- complete or incomplete combination bronchial asthma, recurrent polyposis of the nose and paranasal sinuses and intolerance to other NSAIDs (including a history);
- heavy liver failure or active liver disease;
— disorders of hematopoiesis and coagulation;
- heavy renal failure(QC<30 мл/мин), прогрессирующие заболевания почек, подтвержденная гиперкалиемия;
Aceclofenac is metabolized by the CYP2C9 isoenzyme and, according to research data in vitro, can inhibit this isoenzyme. Therefore, there is a possible risk of pharmacokinetic interaction with phenytoin, cimetidine, tolbutamide, phenylbutazone, amiodarone, miconazole and sulfaphenazole. As with other NSAID drugs, there is also a risk of pharmacokinetic interaction with other drugs that are actively excreted by the kidneys, such as methotrexate and lithium. Aceclofenac is almost completely bound to plasma proteins; therefore, there is a possibility of interaction with other drugs that have a high affinity for plasma proteins, by type of substitution, which should be taken into account.
Because Pharmacokinetic interaction studies are insufficient; the information below is based on data obtained for other NSAIDs.
Drug combinations to avoid
Lithium and digoxin: Some NSAIDs inhibit the renal clearance of lithium and digoxin, resulting in increased serum concentrations of these drugs. This combination of drugs should be avoided unless frequent monitoring of lithium and digoxin levels is possible.
Anticoagulants: NSAIDs inhibit platelet aggregation and damage the gastrointestinal mucosa, which may lead to increased anticoagulant activity and increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients taking anticoagulants. The combination of aceclofenac and oral coumarin anticoagulants, ticlopidine, thrombolytic drugs and heparin should be avoided unless closely monitored.
Antiplatelet drugs and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in combination with NSAIDs may increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding.
The following combinations of drugs may require dose adjustment and caution
Methotrexate: NSAIDs inhibit the tubular secretion of methotrexate, so the possible interaction between NSAIDs and methotrexate should also be considered when treating with low doses of methotrexate, especially in patients with renal impairment. In cases where combination treatment is necessary, renal function should be monitored. Caution must be exercised in cases where both NSAIDs and methotrexate are administered together within 24 hours, because Methotrexate concentrations may increase, resulting in increased toxicity.
Cyclosporine, tacrolimus: Concomitant use of NSAIDs and cyclosporine or tacrolimus is believed to increase the risk of renal toxicity due to decreased renal prostacyclin synthesis. Therefore, it is very important to carefully monitor renal function during combination treatment.
Other NSAIDs: simultaneous use of acetylsalicylic acid and other NSAIDs may increase the incidence of adverse events, so caution should be exercised.
GKS: The risk of developing gastrointestinal ulcers or gastrointestinal bleeding may increase.
Diuretics: aceclofenac, like other NSAIDs, can inhibit the activity of diuretics, reduce the diuretic effect of furosemide, bumetanide and the antihypertensive effect of thiazides. Concomitant treatment with potassium-sparing diuretics may be associated with an increase in potassium levels; therefore, it is necessary to monitor serum potassium levels.
It has been shown that aceclofenac does not affect blood pressure control when used concomitantly with bendrofluazide, although drug interactions with other diuretics cannot be excluded.
Antihypertensive drugs: NSAIDs may also reduce the effectiveness of certain antihypertensive drugs. ACE inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor antagonists in combination with NSAIDs can lead to impaired renal function. Some patients with reduced renal function, such as elderly patients or patients with dehydration, may be at risk of developing acute renal failure, which is usually reversible. Therefore, caution should be exercised when combining these drugs with NSAIDs, especially when treating elderly or dehydrated patients. Patients should be adequately hydrated and it is recommended that renal function be monitored after initiation of combination treatment and periodically during treatment.
Aceclofenac has been shown to have no effect on blood pressure control when administered concomitantly with bendrofluazide, although interactions with other diuretics cannot be excluded.
Hypoglycemic drugs: clinical studies have shown that diclofenac can be used concomitantly with oral hypoglycemic drugs without affecting their clinical effectiveness. However, there are isolated reports of hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic effects of this drug. Therefore, with regard to aceclofenac, the possibility of dose adjustment of drugs that can cause hypoglycemia should be considered.
Zidovudine: with simultaneous use of NSAIDs and zidovudine, the risk of hematological toxicity increases. There is evidence of an increased risk of hemarthrosis and hematoma formation in HIV-positive patients with hemophilia receiving concomitant treatment with zidovudine and ibuprofen.
Aceclofenac is structurally close to diclofenac and has similar metabolism, so the possibility of the following interactions cannot be excluded.
Mifepristone: NSAIDs should not be used for 8-12 days after taking mifepristone, because its effect may be reduced.
Quinolone antibiotics: the interaction of NSAIDs and quinolones can lead to the development of seizures. They can occur in patients with or without a history of seizures or epilepsy. Therefore, caution should be exercised when prescribing quinolones to patients already taking NSAIDs.
Avoid using Airtal concomitantly with other NSAIDs, including selective COX-2 inhibitors.
Adverse events can be reduced by shortening the duration of treatment as much as possible and reducing the dose of the drug to the minimum necessary to achieve control of the symptoms of the disease.
Effect on the gastrointestinal tract
Aceclofenac should be prescribed with caution and under close medical supervision to patients with the diseases listed below, because their course may worsen:
Symptoms suggestive of gastrointestinal disease, including the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract;
History of ulcer, bleeding or perforation of a stomach or intestinal ulcer in the presence of infection Helicobacter pylori;
History of ulcerative colitis;
History of Crohn's disease;
Hematological diseases, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), porphyria and hematopoietic disorders.
There have been reports of gastrointestinal bleeding, gastric or intestinal ulceration, or perforation of an ulcer, which may result in death with any NSAID at any time during treatment, with or without alarm symptoms, regardless of a history of serious gastrointestinal complications. .
The risk of gastrointestinal bleeding, ulceration, or ulcer perforation is greater when treated with high doses of NSAIDs in patients with a history of gastric or intestinal ulcers, especially if complicated by bleeding or perforation, and in elderly patients. Treatment of these patients should begin with the lowest effective dose. Also, when treating these groups of patients and patients who require concomitant use of low-dose acetylsalicylic acid or other drugs that may increase the risk of gastrointestinal complications, the need for combination therapy with protective drugs (for example, misoprostol or proton pump inhibitors) should be considered. .
Patients with a history of gastrointestinal disease, especially the elderly, should report any unusual abdominal symptoms (especially gastrointestinal bleeding), paying maximum attention to symptoms early in treatment. Caution should be exercised when treating patients receiving concomitant medications that may increase the risk of ulceration or bleeding, such as systemic corticosteroids, anticoagulants such as warfarin, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or antiplatelet drugs such as acetylsalicylic acid.
If gastrointestinal bleeding or ulceration occurs in patients taking the drug Airtal, treatment should be discontinued.
Effect on the cardiovascular system and cerebral circulation
When treating patients with arterial hypertension and/or chronic heart failure, it is necessary to carry out appropriate monitoring and give recommendations, because There are reports of the development of fluid retention and edema during treatment with NSAIDs.
Aceclofenac is structurally close to diclofenac and has similar metabolism. With regard to diclofenac, there is evidence indicating an increased risk of thromboembolic complications (for example, myocardial infarction or stroke, particularly with long-term treatment with high doses). There is also a risk of developing acute coronary syndrome associated with taking aceclofenac. With increasing duration of treatment, the risk of developing complications from the cardiovascular system increases.
Patients with chronic heart failure (NYHA class I) and patients with risk factors for developing complications from the cardiovascular system (for example, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking) should begin treatment with aceclofenac only after an informed decision by the attending physician. Risks from the cardiovascular system may depend on the dose and duration of treatment, therefore Airtal should be prescribed at the minimum effective dose and for the shortest possible period of time.
Caution and close medical supervision should also be exercised when prescribing aceclofenac to patients with a history of cerebral hemorrhage.
Effect on the liver and kidneys
Treatment with NSAIDs may cause a dose-dependent decrease in prostaglandin synthesis and precipitate renal failure. The importance of prostaglandins in maintaining renal blood flow should be considered in patients with impaired cardiac or renal function, liver dysfunction, patients receiving diuretic treatment or recovering from abdominal surgery, and elderly patients.
Caution should be exercised when treating patients with impaired liver or kidney function, as well as patients with other diseases predisposing to fluid retention. In these patients, treatment with NSAIDs may lead to impaired renal function and fluid retention. Caution must also be exercised when using the drug in patients receiving diuretic treatment or, conversely, in patients at risk of hypovolemia. The minimum effective dose should be prescribed and renal function should be regularly monitored. The effect of the drug on renal function is usually reversible after discontinuation of aceclofenac.
Treatment with aceclofenac should be discontinued if deviations from normal liver function tests persist or increase, clinical symptoms consistent with the development of liver failure appear, or other manifestations (eg, eosinophilia, rash) appear.
Hepatitis can develop without previous symptoms.
In patients with hepatic porphyria, the use of NSAIDs may provoke an exacerbation of the disease.
Hypersensitivity and skin reactions
As with the use of other NSAIDs, allergic reactions, including anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reactions, may occur early in the use of the drug. In very rare cases, serious skin reactions have been observed with the use of NSAIDs, including exfoliative dermatitis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis, some of which can be fatal. Patients are at highest risk of developing these reactions early in treatment, with most reactions occurring within the first month of treatment. At the first sign of skin rash, damage to the mucous membranes or any other symptoms of hypersensitivity, treatment with Airtal should be discontinued.
In extremely rare cases, chickenpox can cause serious infectious complications of the skin and soft tissues. At the moment, the role of NSAIDs in worsening the course of these infectious complications cannot be excluded. Therefore, it is recommended to avoid the use of Aertal in patients with chickenpox.
Effect on hematological parameters
Aceclofenac can reversibly inhibit platelet aggregation.
Respiratory system disorders
Caution must be exercised when prescribing the drug to patients with bronchial asthma or with a history of bronchial asthma, because There are reports that NSAIDs may cause bronchospasm in such patients.
Elderly patients
Caution should be exercised when treating elderly patients, because... In this age group, the incidence of adverse events associated with NSAID treatment is increased, especially gastrointestinal bleeding and ulcer perforation, which can lead to death. In addition, older patients are more susceptible to renal, hepatic or cardiovascular failure.
Long-term treatment
It is necessary to carefully monitor all patients receiving long-term treatment with NSAIDs, regularly performing complete blood count, liver and kidney function tests.
Each sachet of Airtal, powder for oral suspension, 100 mg, contains 2.64 g of sorbitol, which can cause gastrointestinal disorders and diarrhea. Patients with rare hereditary fructose intolerance should not be prescribed this drug.
Airtal, powder for oral suspension, 100 mg, contains aspartame, a source of phenylalanine. Patients with phenylketonuria should note that each sachet contains 5.61 mg of phenylalanine.
Impact on the ability to drive vehicles and machinery
You should refrain from driving vehicles and engaging in other potentially hazardous activities that require increased concentration and speed of psychomotor reactions, because the drug may cause dizziness and other side effects that may affect these abilities.
Pregnancy
Airtal is contraindicated during pregnancy. There is no information on the use of aceclofenac during pregnancy.
Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis may adversely affect the course of pregnancy and/or the development of the embryo/fetus.
During the third trimester of pregnancy, all prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors:
Possessing cardiopulmonary toxicity, they can cause premature closure of the ductus bollus with the development of pulmonary hypertension;
May cause impaired fetal renal function, which may progress to renal failure in combination with oligohydramnios.
In late pregnancy:
The drug may affect the duration of bleeding due to the antiplatelet effect, which can develop even after use in very low doses;
The drug may suppress uterine contractions, causing labor to be delayed or labor to be prolonged.
Lactation
Airtal should not be taken during breastfeeding. There is no data on the excretion of aceclofenac in human milk; When using radioactive 14 C-aceclofenac in preclinical studies, no noticeable transfer of radioactivity into milk was observed.
Fertility
NSAIDs may affect fertility and are not recommended for use by women planning pregnancy. In this regard, women who have problems conceiving and undergoing examination for infertility are advised to temporarily stop taking the drug Airtal.
The drug is contraindicated in patients under 18 years of age. The safety and effectiveness of the drug for the treatment of children and adolescents has not been established.
The drug is contraindicated in patients with severe renal failure (CR<30 мл/мин), прогрессирующим заболеванием почек, подтвержденной гиперкалиемией.
There is no evidence for the need to change the dose of aceclofenac when treating patients with mild to moderate renal impairment, but caution is recommended.
The drug is contraindicated in patients with severe liver failure or active liver disease.
When treating patients with mild to moderate liver dysfunction, lower doses of aceclofenac should be used.
Caution should be exercised when taking the drug to elderly patients.
The drug is available with a prescription.
The drug should be stored out of the reach of children at a temperature not exceeding 30°C. Shelf life - 4 years. Do not use after the expiration date stated on the package.
"Ceraxon" is a synthetic nootropic. It has a wide range of effects. The drug reduces the severity of neurological symptoms, inhibits phospholipase action and regenerates the membrane part of cells. The instructions for use of "Ceraxon" (in a sachet) indicate the main indications for use: strokes of hemorrhagic and ischemic nature, brain and head injuries, as well as cognitive and behavioral disorders.
The drug is marketed in the following forms:
Also in pharmacies you can see the drug packaged in a bag with bulk medicine, from which a suspension is prepared.
One injection ampoule contains 1000 mg or 500 mg of the main substance - citicoline. Water for injection, sodium hydroxide or hydrochloric acid are used as auxiliary components. The solution is packaged in 4 ml ampoules, which are placed in the cells of contour packaging. Afterwards everything is sealed in cardboard boxes.
A 100 ml oral solution contains 10 g of citicoline and additional excipients.
The solution is poured into a glass container with a volume of 30 ml.
These include:
Tablets are sold in blisters placed in cardboard boxes.
The composition of Ceraxon sachet and tablets is identical.
Due to the main effect, it has a nootropic effect and has a wide spectrum:
The use of "Ceraxon" in a sachet, according to reviews from medical experts, is particularly effective in the treatment of neurological disorders (motor or sensory) that are of vascular or degenerative origin.
During oxygen starvation (hypoxia) of chronic brain tissue, the drug produces good results in the treatment of cognitive disorders (lack of initiative, memory impairment, difficulty performing self-care activities). The instructions for using "Ceraxon" in a 1000 mg sachet say that taking the medicine slows down the manifestations of amnesia and increases attentiveness.
This product is well absorbed. Metabolism occurs in the liver and intestinal tract with subsequent formation of cytidine and choline. After entering the body, the active substance enters the brain and is embedded in the membranes of cells of the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial type. Excretion occurs in a small volume (approximately 15%), 3% in urine and 12% in exhaled air.
Doctors highlight the main indications for Ceraxon in a sachet.
These include:
Also, taking "Ceraxon" is necessary for intellectual and behavioral disorders that arise from degenerative and vascular disorders in the brain of the head.
This drug should not be used by children under 18 years of age and by patients with hypersensitivity to the components of the drug. Also, use is prohibited in cases of severe vagotonia.
However, in certain cases (threat of cerebral palsy, prematurity, congenital pathologies, developmental delay), the doctor may prescribe this drug to children. Before this, he makes a forecast and, if the benefit outweighs the risk, Cerakson is prescribed. Treatment in this case takes place under the close supervision of a doctor. The dosage is individual for each child, taking into account the diseases.
The drug in the form of a sachet is used 20 minutes before or after meals. To prepare the suspension, you need to open 1 sachet, first separating it from the rest. Then the contents are dissolved in 50 ml of water and drunk. The dosage of "Ceraxon" in a sachet should not exceed 2-3 sachets of medicine in 24 hours. The exact dosage for treatment is determined by the doctor depending on the patient’s problem.
The drug in the form of an oral solution can be taken both during and after meals. It is pre-diluted in a small amount of water without gas (maximum 100 ml can be used). During the day, take 1 g twice. The duration of treatment is determined by a neurologist (usually it lasts no more than 10 days).
When using the oral solution, the sequence must be followed (to use a special syringe).
According to the instructions, the tablets can be taken regardless of meals. The maximum dosage is 4 tablets. The number of appointments is individual for each patient.
The injection solution is used in several ways. It can be administered intravenously, intramuscularly and intravenously. All manipulations are carried out by a nurse in a medical institution.
In rare cases, side effects occur when the drug is taken correctly.
These include:
In rare cases, a side effect may manifest itself as a general deterioration in health with chills and swelling of the extremities.
The main component of the drug (citicoline) can increase the effectiveness of levodopa. Therefore, doctors do not recommend simultaneous use of Ceraxon with medications that include meclofenoxate.
The instructions for use of "Ceraxon" in sachets and other forms do not contain data on the consequences of excessive use of the drug. In 98% of cases the medicine is tolerated normally.
Currently, the instructions for use of "Ceraxon" in sachets do not contain data on the effect of the drug on the fetus and child during breastfeeding. The doctor may prescribe medication for the woman after assessing the risks to the baby. If the risk of harm is greater than the benefit, then the woman will have to interrupt breastfeeding.
There are currently several available in 1000 mg sachets.
These include:
Substitutes are similar in composition to the drug "Cerakson". Before purchasing an analogue, you must agree with your doctor about a replacement.
The price for "Cerakson" in sachets varies from 1,270 to 1,490 rubles.
The instructions for use of "Ceraxon" in sachets of 1000 mg and tablets of 1000 and 500 mg indicate that the drug must be stored at a temperature not exceeding 30 degrees Celsius.
The oral solution should not be frozen or exposed to low temperatures (cooled). This can provoke opalescence, but at temperatures above 20 degrees this phenomenon disappears.
Small crystals may form in small quantities in the oral solution. This is due to preservatives that can trigger the crystallization process. When stored correctly, they dissolve over time, and their appearance does not affect the quality of the drug.
When taking Ceraxon, you must avoid activities associated with a high concentration of attention (work with dangerous mechanisms). This is due to a decrease in the reaction rate when using the drug. After the course of treatment everything returns to normal.
Doctors in reviews of the drug "Ceraxon" note the following positive qualities.
Many doctors do not see any bad qualities in Cerakson, except for the high cost.
Contents [Show]
"Ceraxon" is a synthetic nootropic. It has a wide range of effects. The drug reduces the severity of neurological symptoms, inhibits phospholipase action and regenerates the membrane part of cells. The instructions for use of "Ceraxon" (in a sachet) indicate the main indications for use: strokes of hemorrhagic and ischemic nature, brain and head injuries, as well as cognitive and behavioral disorders.
The drug is marketed in the following forms:
You can also see the drug packaged in sachets in pharmacies. This is a bag of bulk medicine from which a suspension is prepared.
One injection ampoule contains 1000 mg or 500 mg of the main substance - citicoline. Water for injection, sodium hydroxide or hydrochloric acid are used as auxiliary components. The solution is packaged in 4 ml ampoules, which are placed in the cells of contour packaging. Afterwards everything is sealed in cardboard boxes.
A 100 ml oral solution contains 10 g of citicoline and additional excipients.
These include:
The solution is poured into a glass container with a volume of 30 ml.
These include:
Tablets are sold in blisters placed in cardboard boxes.
The composition of Ceraxon sachet and tablets is identical.
Due to the main substance, the drug has a nootropic effect and has a wide spectrum:
The use of “Ceraxon” in a sachet, according to reviews from medical experts, is particularly effective in the treatment of neurological disorders (motor or sensory) that are of vascular or degenerative origin.
During oxygen starvation (hypoxia) of chronic brain tissue, the drug produces good results in the treatment of cognitive disorders (lack of initiative, memory impairment, difficulty performing self-care activities). The instructions for using “Ceraxon” in a 1000 mg sachet say that taking the medicine slows down the manifestations of amnesia and increases attentiveness.
This product is well absorbed. Metabolism occurs in the liver and intestinal tract with subsequent formation of cytidine and choline. After entering the body, the active substance enters the brain and is embedded in the membranes of cells of the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial type. Excretion occurs in a small volume (approximately 15%), 3% in urine and 12% in exhaled air.
Doctors highlight the main indications for Ceraxon in a sachet.
These include:
Also, taking “Ceraxon” is necessary for intellectual and behavioral disorders that arise from degenerative and vascular disorders in the brain of the head.
This drug should not be used by children under 18 years of age and by patients with hypersensitivity to the components of the drug. Also, use is prohibited in cases of severe vagotonia.
However, in certain cases (threat of cerebral palsy, prematurity, congenital pathologies, developmental delay), the doctor may prescribe this drug to children. Before this, he makes a forecast and, if the benefit outweighs the risk, Cerakson is prescribed. Treatment in this case takes place under the close supervision of a doctor. The dosage is individual for each child, taking into account the diseases.
The drug in the form of a sachet is used 20 minutes before or after meals. To prepare the suspension, you need to open 1 sachet, first separating it from the rest. Then the contents are dissolved in 50 ml of water and drunk. The dosage of Ceraxon in a sachet should not exceed 2-3 sachets of medicine in 24 hours. The exact dosage for treatment is determined by the doctor depending on the patient’s problem.
The drug in the form of an oral solution can be taken both during and after meals. It is pre-diluted in a small amount of water without gas (maximum 100 ml can be used). During the day, take 1 g twice. The duration of treatment is determined by a neurologist (usually it lasts no more than 10 days).
When using the oral solution, the sequence must be followed (to use a special syringe).
According to the instructions, the tablets can be taken regardless of meals. The maximum dosage is 4 tablets. The number of appointments is individual for each patient.
The injection solution is used in several ways. It can be administered intravenously, intramuscularly and intravenously. All manipulations are carried out by a nurse in a medical institution.
In rare cases, side effects occur when the drug is taken correctly.
These include:
In rare cases, a side effect may manifest itself as a general deterioration in health with chills and swelling of the extremities.
The main component of the drug (citicoline) can increase the effectiveness of levodopa. Therefore, doctors do not recommend simultaneous use of Ceraxon with medications that include meclofenoxate.
The instructions for use of "Ceraxon" in sachets and other forms do not contain data on the consequences of excessive use of the drug. In 98% of cases the medicine is tolerated normally.
Currently, the instructions for use of "Ceraxon" in sachets do not contain data on the effect of the drug on the fetus and child during breastfeeding. The doctor may prescribe medication for the woman after assessing the risks to the baby. If the risk of harm is greater than the benefit, then the woman will have to interrupt breastfeeding.
Currently, there are several analogues of Ceraxon in 1000 mg sachets.
These include:
Substitutes are similar in composition to the drug "Cerakson". Before purchasing an analogue, you must agree with your doctor about a replacement.
The price for “Cerakson” in sachets varies from 1,270 to 1,490 rubles.
The instructions for use of "Ceraxon" in sachets of 1000 mg and tablets of 1000 and 500 mg indicate that the drug must be stored at a temperature not exceeding 30 degrees Celsius.
The oral solution should not be frozen or exposed to low temperatures (cooled). This can provoke opalescence, but at temperatures above 20 degrees this phenomenon disappears.
Small crystals may form in small quantities in the oral solution. This is due to preservatives that can trigger the crystallization process. When stored correctly, they dissolve over time, and their appearance does not affect the quality of the drug.
When taking Ceraxon, it is necessary to avoid activities associated with a high concentration of attention (driving a vehicle, working with dangerous mechanisms). This is due to a decrease in the reaction rate when using the drug. After the course of treatment everything returns to normal.
Doctors in reviews of the drug "Cerakson" note the following positive qualities.
Many doctors do not see any bad qualities in Cerakson, except for the high cost.
Citicoline, being a precursor of key ultrastructural components of the cell membrane (mainly phospholipids), has a wide spectrum of action: it promotes the restoration of damaged cell membranes, inhibits the action of phospholipases, preventing the excessive formation of free radicals, and also prevents cell death by affecting the mechanisms of apoptosis.
Ceraxon® is effective in the treatment of sensory and motor neurological disorders of degenerative and vascular etiology.
Suction
Citicoline is well absorbed when taken orally, intravenously and intramuscularly. Absorption after oral administration is almost complete, and bioavailability is approximately the same as after intravenous administration.
Metabolism
When taken orally, the drug is metabolized in the intestines and liver to form choline and cytidine. After oral administration, the concentration of choline in the blood plasma increases significantly.
With IV and IM administration, citicoline is metabolized in the liver to form choline and cytidine. After parenteral administration, the concentration of choline in the blood plasma increases significantly.
Distribution
Removal
The solution for intravenous and intramuscular administration is transparent, colorless.
Excipients: hydrochloric acid 1 M or sodium hydroxide 1 M - up to pH 6.7-7.1, water for injection - up to 4 ml.
4 ml - ampoules (3) - contour cell packaging (1) - cardboard packs.
4 ml - ampoules (5) - contour cell packaging (1) - cardboard packs.
4 ml - ampoules (10) - contour cell packaging (1) - cardboard packs.
Oral solution
Acute period of ischemic stroke and traumatic brain injury: the recommended dose is 1000 mg (10 ml or 1 sachet) every 12 hours. Duration of treatment is at least 6 weeks.
Recovery period of ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes, recovery period of traumatic brain injury, cognitive and behavioral disorders in degenerative and vascular diseases of the brain: the recommended dose is 500-2000 mg/day (5-10 ml 1-2 times/day or 1 sachet ( 1000 mg) 1-2 times/day). The dose and duration of treatment depend on the severity of the symptoms of the disease.
Elderly patients do not require dose adjustment of Ceraxon®.
Rules for using a dosing syringe
Rules for using the drug in sachets
Solution for intravenous and intramuscular administration
The drug is administered intravenously as a slow injection (over 3-5 minutes, depending on the prescribed dose) or drip infusion (40-60 drops/min). The intravenous route of administration is preferable to the intramuscular route. When administered intramuscularly, repeated administration of the drug in the same place should be avoided.
Acute period of ischemic stroke and traumatic brain injury: the recommended dose is 1000 mg every 12 hours from the first day after diagnosis; Duration of treatment is at least 6 weeks. 3-5 days after the start of treatment (if swallowing function is not impaired), it is possible to switch to oral forms of the drug Ceraxon®.
Recovery period for ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes, recovery period for traumatic brain injury, cognitive and behavioral disorders in degenerative and vascular diseases of the brain: the recommended dose is 500-2000 mg/day (5-10 ml 1-2 times/day). The dose and duration of treatment depend on the severity of the symptoms of the disease.
Elderly patients do not require dose adjustment of Ceraxon® for intravenous or intramuscular administration.
A solution for intravenous and intramuscular administration in an ampoule is intended for single use. After opening the ampoule, the solution should be used immediately. The drug is compatible with all types of intravenous isotonic solutions and dextrose solutions.
Due to the low toxicity of the drug, cases of overdose have not been described.
Citicoline enhances the effects of levodopa.
Ceraxon® should not be prescribed concomitantly with medications containing meclofenoxate.
Very rarely (
MNN: Citicoline. The solution for injection contains 500 or 1000 mg citicoline(active substance).
The oral solution contains citicoline, and also sorbitol, glycerol, glycerinformal, nipagin, Na citrate, nipazole,saccharin Na, strawberry essence, dye 4P crimson,sorbate K, citric acid (excipients).
Ceraxon tablets contain 522.5 mg citicoline sodium(equivalent to 500 mg citicoline). The drug in tablets also contains magnesium stearate, talc, colloidal silicon dioxide anhydrous, hydrogenated castor oil, croscarmellose sodium (excipients).
The release form of the drug is a solution for intramuscular and intravenous administration; solution for oral use.
The solution for injection is contained in ampoules of 500 mg/4 ml and 1000 mg/4 ml. The ampoules are made of colorless glass, have protective plastic tubes, and white stripes for breaking. Ampoules are packed in 3 or 5 pcs. in a blister pack contained in a cardboard box.
The solution for internal use is contained in clear glass bottles with plastic caps. The bottle contains 30 ml of medicine. The bottle is packaged in a cardboard box and includes a syringe for dosing. The tablets are white, film-coated, imprinted “C500”. The contour blister pack contains 5 tablets; 4 packs of tablets are placed in a cardboard box.
Citicoline (the active ingredient of the drug) helps improve the function of ion exchange pumps in the membranes of cells of the nervous system. This is due to the emergence of new phospholipids.
Ceraxon IV and Ceraxon drops ensure stability of the neuronal membrane, thus reducing cerebral edema. As a result, the patient experiences a decrease cognitive impairment, as well as improving the functions of attention and memory. During the period of acute human condition with stroke treatment with the drug helps to reduce the volume of damage to brain tissue, promotes activation cholinergic transmission.
In people with traumatic brain injury, treatment with this drug can reduce the duration of post-traumatic coma and the intensity of neurological symptoms. Under the influence of citicoline, the duration of the recovery period after a stroke decreases. In patients chronic cerebral hypoxia When using the drug, there is a decrease in such manifestations as lack of initiative, memory impairment, difficulties in the process of self-care and performing normal activities. Under the influence of citicoline, symptoms decrease amnesia, the general level of consciousness increases.
Due to the fact that citicoline is found in the human body, therefore, endogenous And exogenous citicoline is not differentiated, it is impossible to study the pharmacokinetics of the drug. 99% of the drug is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, its excretion occurs mainly through the kidneys.
Bioavailability is the same for any type of administration. When administered intravenously and intramuscularly, the metabolism of citicoline occurs in the liver, resulting in the formation of choline And cytidine. Citicoline is mainly distributed in brain structures, choline fractions are quickly incorporated into structural phospholipids, cytidine fractions are incorporated into nucleic acids and cytidine nucleotides. Only 15% of the dose of citicoline received by a person is excreted from the body by the kidneys and respiration.
Indications for use of the drug are as follows:
The medicine Ceraxon is contraindicated in the following conditions:
The drug rarely causes side effects. In some cases, the following manifestations are possible:
Sometimes the drug causes a feeling of numbness in paralyzed limbs. It can also stimulate the parasympathetic system, cause a short-term change in blood pressure, and it can also cause a short-term change in blood pressure.
If injections or syrup cause any of the above phenomena, and if they also get worse, you should definitely consult a doctor about the advisability of further treatment.
The instructions for Ceraxon for intravenous and intramuscular administration are as follows. The medicine is administered intravenously slowly, depending on the dose, over 3-5 minutes. If the drug is taken by drip at a rate of 40–60 drops per minute. If possible, it is preferable to take the drug intravenously rather than intramuscularly. In acute conditions, treatment should be started as early as possible, preferably on the first day.
Instructions for using Ceraxon also depend on the disease that is diagnosed in the patient. In the acute period of traumatic brain injury and ischemic stroke, 1000 mg of the drug should be administered every 12 hours, the course of therapy continues for at least 6 weeks. Injections are given over 3-5 days. Further, if the patient does not have impaired swallowing function, you can take tablets or Cerakson syrup.
The doctor prescribes the dosage of the drug during the recovery period individually, depending on the severity and severity of the symptoms. Ceraxon is administered to children strictly as prescribed by the doctor and in accordance with the dosage indicated by him. Elderly patients do not need to adjust the usual dosage.
When taken orally, the drug is diluted in half a glass of water. You need to drink it while eating food or between meals. In the acute period of TBI or stroke, 1000 mg (10 ml or one packet) is prescribed every 12 hours, treatment lasts at least 6 weeks.
For children, Cerakson syrup is prescribed for lesions of the central nervous system of varying severity. The instructions for syrup for children are individual and depend on the severity of the lesion, the age of the child, the reaction to the medicine, etc. For newborns born very prematurely, the syrup is prescribed twice a day, 0.5 ml (50 mg), for children aged two months - 1 ml (100 mg) twice daily. Further treatment is individually prescribed by the doctor, and the child should not take more than 5-20 ml of the drug per day. The solution contained in the ampoule should be used once. It should be used immediately after the ampoule has been opened. Ceraxon is combined with isotonic solutions and solutions dextrose.
Considering the fact that the drug is low-toxic, there have been no cases of overdose.
Citicoline may increase the effects on the body levodopa. Treatment with Cerakson is not carried out at the same time as medications that contain meclofenoxate.
Sold in pharmacies with a doctor's prescription.
Ceraxon should be stored in its original packaging. Keep away from light. The drug can be stored at room temperature (up to 30 degrees).
Can be stored for 3 years.
During treatment with this drug, the patient should be very attentive to activities that require extreme caution and quick response.
If the oral solution has been stored in a cold place for some time, crystals may form due to partial temporary crystallization of the preservative. If the drug is further stored at room temperature, the crystals will dissolve over several months. At the same time, the quality of the drug remains high.
Ceraxon analogues are nootropic drugs that have a similar effect on the body. These are drugs Neurodar, Somazina, Somaxon, Nootropil, Lycetin, Glycine, Gliatilin etc. Some analogues are cheaper, but Ceraxon can be replaced only after such actions have been agreed upon with a doctor.
Somazina.
The drug is prescribed to children from birth; it is indicated for lesions of the central nervous system.
The drug is used to treat newborn premature babies. The treatment regimen is prescribed by the doctor depending on the individual characteristics of the baby’s condition.
Combining the drug with alcohol is not recommended.
To date, there is not enough data on the use of Ceraxon by pregnant women. Animal studies have not revealed any negative effects on the body. However, pregnant women are prescribed the drug only if the benefits of such treatment outweigh the potential risk to the unborn child.
There is no data on the excretion of the active substance in milk, so lactation should be stopped for the period of treatment with this drug.
Reviews from doctors about the drug, as well as those reviews that patients send to a specialized forum, indicate that the drug is effective both in the acute period and during recovery from stroke and TBI. When taking children, parental reviews vary. In particular, they talk about both the effective positive effect that the syrup has and the manifestation of some side effects, for example, hyperactivity child. But both adults and children should take the drug only under the supervision of doctors.
You can buy Ceraxon ampoules in Moscow for 1200-1250 rubles (5 ampoules of 1000 mg). In Ukraine, a package with 5 ampoules of the drug 1000 mg can be purchased for 400-500 UAH. In Dnepropetrovsk, the price of the drug in ampoules is about 500-550 UAH.
The price of Ceraxon syrup (30 ml) in Russia is about 700 rubles, the price of tablets (20 pcs.) is about 1,500 rubles. Drops in Ukraine can be bought at a price of 320 UAH.
Ceraxon solution 1000 mg/4 ml 4 ml 5 pcs. Ferrer Internacional
Ceraxon solution 100 mg/ml 10 ml 10 pcs. Ferrer Internacional
Ceraxon solution 100 mg/ml 30 mlFerrer Internacional
Ceraxon solution 500 mg/4 ml 4 ml 5 pcs. Ferrer Internacional
Ceraxon injection solution 500 mg 4 ml No. 5 ampoulesFerrer Internacional
Ceraxon solution for injection 1000 mg 4 ml No. 5 ampoulesFerrer Internacional
Ceraxon oral solution 100 mg/ml 30 ml bottle + dosing syringeFerrer Internacional
Ceraxon oral solution 100 mg/ml 10 ml No. 10 pack. Ferrer Internacional
CeraxonFerrer International S.A., Spain
CeraxonFerrer International S.A., Spain
CeraxonFerrer International S.A., Spain
Ceraxon oral solution 10g/100ml 30ml No. 1Ferrer International (Spain)
CeraxonFerrer Internacional (Spain)
Ceraxon solution for injection 500 mg ampoule 4 ml No. 5Ferrer International (Spain)
Ceraxon 1000mg/4ml amp.4ml No.5Ferrer International
Ceraxon 1000mg/4ml amp.4ml No.5Ferrer International
Ceraxon 1000mg/4ml amp.4ml No.5Ferrer International
Ceraxon 1000mg/4ml amp.4ml No.5Ferrer International
Ceraxon 10 g/100 ml 10 ml No. 10 solution for oral administration Ferrer International S.A (Spain)
Ceraxon 500 mg No. 20 tablet p.p.o. Ferrer International S.A (Spain)
Ceraxon 1000 mg/4 ml No. 5 solution amp. Ferrer International S.A (Spain)
Ceraxon 10 g/100 ml 30 ml oral solution Ferrer International S.A (Spain)
Ceraxon 1000 mg/4 ml No. 10 solution amp. Ferrer International S.A (Spain)
The medicinal drug Ceraxon is an effective nootropic drug with a fairly wide range of therapeutic activity. The scope of application of the product covers both treatment and prevention of various brain pathologies. Improper use of Ceraxon leads to the development of unwanted side effects due to the high level of activity of the drug. The selection of the drug form, therapeutic dosage and regimen of use should be carried out only by an experienced specialist.
Now let's look at this in more detail.
Ceraxon is most often available in the following forms:
The most popular form is injection. However, in some cases, doctors prescribe the use of tablets or an oral solution. The required form of release is determined solely on the basis of examination of the patient and the characteristics of the course of the disease.
Sodium citicoline is used as the main active element of the drug Ceraxon. The dosage of the substance in one unit of the product is determined by the release form. The range of auxiliary elements also differs.
Based on the type of therapeutic action, the drug Ceraxon belongs to the group of nootropic drugs with a wide spectrum of effects. Among the main effects provided by the active component of the product are:
In the case of the development of chronic hypoxia, Ceraxon has a positive effect on various cognitive pathologies. These include:
During therapy with Ceraxon, not only the ability to remember information improves, but also concentration, performance and the general state of brain activity.
The drug Ceraxon is most often prescribed by doctors in combination with other medications to enhance the therapeutic effect and expand the range of effects. However, in some pathologies, it is possible to use the drug independently for both therapeutic and prophylactic purposes.
Do not start therapy based on the instructions for use alone. The individual characteristics of each person’s body necessitate consultation with a specialist.
The main conditions for which the use of the drug Ceraxon is prescribed for adult patients are:
The use of Ceraxon by children under 18 years of age is strictly contraindicated. This is due to the fact that there are not enough reliable clinical studies regarding the safety of using the medication in this group of patients.
Due to the fact that the safety of Ceraxon use by pregnant and breastfeeding women has not been clinically proven, the use of this drug for therapeutic or prophylactic purposes is undesirable. However, the doctor can still prescribe the use of a certain dosage of Ceraxon during these periods, if only the benefits of the drug for the woman outweigh all possible risks.
The list of prohibitions on the use of Ceraxon for treatment or prevention is not long. The main conditions in which the use of the drug is contraindicated are:
Due to the relatively high activity of citicoline, the determination of the appropriate therapeutic dosage of Ceraxon should only be carried out by an experienced physician based on the results of the examination of the patient. The same applies to the use of the product for the purposes of prevention and recovery.
Ceraxon injections are recommended to be administered slowly. The administration time varies from 3 to 5 minutes depending on the therapeutic dose. When administered intramuscularly, it is important to avoid injections in the same places. A drip method of infusion of medication is also possible. In this case, the administration of Ceraxon should take place within 40-60 minutes.
For acute ischemic stroke or various brain injuries, it is recommended to take 1000 mg of citicoline twice a day with an interval of 12 hours. The treatment period should not last less than 6 weeks. If prescribed by a doctor, it is possible to switch to the oral form of Ceraxon 4-6 days after the start of treatment.
During the recovery period after a stroke and TBI, as well as for various cognitive and behavioral pathologies, it is recommended to take from 500 mg to 2000 mg of citicoline per day. The dosage should be divided into two doses. The amount of the substance is determined by the patient’s condition and the characteristics of the disease.
Citicoline, which is the active component of Ceraxon, exhibits fairly high medicinal activity. In this regard, improper use of the drug entails the development of various side effects. However, if you follow the dosage regimen prescribed by your doctor, the likelihood of their occurrence is significantly reduced. The main side effects include:
The most common side effect after taking Ceraxon is a general painful state of the body, accompanied by chills and weakness.
Medicines containing meclofenoxane should not be taken together with Cerakson. A significant increase in the effect of levodopa when combined with citicoline was also noted.
If stored incorrectly, Ceraxon may slightly crystallize. This effect disappears if the correct storage conditions for the medication are established after several months. The appearance of crystals in the dosage form of Ceraxon does not affect the quality of the drug.
During therapy with the drug, you must be careful when driving vehicles and working with unsafe mechanisms.
Due to the fact that citicoline does not exhibit toxic effects, cases of intoxication due to an overdose of the drug have not been observed.
Ceraxon should be stored out of the reach of children at a temperature of no more than 30 degrees. Oral solutions should not be frozen or refrigerated.
Instead of Ceraxon, you can take the following drugs:
The cost of Ceraxon is on average 963 rubles. Prices range from 624 to 1739 rubles.
Nootropic drug
Oral solution
Excipients: sorbitol - 200 mg, glycerol - 50 mg, methyl parahydroxybenzoate - 1.45 mg, propyl parahydroxybenzoate - 0.25 mg, sodium citrate dihydrate - 6 mg, sodium saccharinate - 0.2 mg, strawberry flavor (strawberry essence 1487-S-Lucta) - 0.408 mg , potassium sorbate - 3 mg, citric acid solution 50% - up to pH 5.9-6.1, purified water - up to 1 ml.
30 ml - colorless glass bottles (1) complete with a dosage syringe - cardboard packs with partitions.
Oral solution - a clear, colorless liquid with a characteristic strawberry odor.
Excipients: sorbitol - 2000 mg, glycerol - 500 mg, methyl parahydroxybenzoate - 14.5 mg, propyl parahydroxybenzoate - 2.5 mg, sodium citrate dihydrate - 60 mg, sodium saccharinate - 2 mg, strawberry flavor (strawberry essence 1487-S-Lucta) - 4.08 mg , potassium sorbate - 30 mg, citric acid solution 50% - up to pH 5.9-6.1, purified water - up to 10 ml.
10 ml - sachets of combined material (6) - cardboard packs.
10 ml - sachets of combined material (10) - cardboard packs.
Nootropic drug. Citicoline, being a precursor of key ultrastructural components of the cell membrane (mainly phospholipids), has a wide spectrum of action: it promotes the restoration of damaged cell membranes, inhibits the action of phospholipases, preventing the excessive formation of free radicals, and also prevents cell death by affecting the mechanisms of apoptosis.
In the acute period of stroke, citicoline reduces the volume of brain tissue damage and improves cholinergic transmission.
In case of traumatic brain injury, it reduces the duration of post-traumatic coma and the severity of neurological symptoms; in addition, citicoline helps to reduce the duration of the recovery period.
In chronic cerebral hypoxia, citicoline is effective in the treatment of cognitive disorders such as memory impairment, lack of initiative, and difficulties in performing daily activities and self-care. Increases the level of attention and consciousness, and also reduces the manifestation of amnesia.
Ceraxon is effective in the treatment of sensory and motor neurological disorders of degenerative and vascular etiology.
Suction
Citicoline is well absorbed when taken orally. Absorption after oral administration is almost complete, and bioavailability is approximately the same as after intravenous administration.
Metabolism
The drug is metabolized in the intestines and liver with the formation of choline and cytidine. After oral administration, the concentration of choline in the blood plasma increases significantly.
Distribution
Citicoline is widely distributed in brain structures, with rapid incorporation of choline fractions into structural phospholipids and cytidine fractions into cytidine nucleotides and nucleic acids. Citicoline penetrates the brain and is actively incorporated into cellular, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial membranes, forming part of the fraction of structural phospholipids.
Removal
Only 15% of the administered dose of citicoline is excreted from the human body; less than 3% - by the kidneys and about 12% - with exhaled CO2.
The excretion of citicoline in urine can be divided into 2 phases: a first phase, lasting about 36 hours, during which the rate of excretion decreases rapidly, and a second phase, during which the rate of excretion decreases much more slowly. The same is observed in exhaled CO2 - the rate of elimination decreases rapidly after about 15 hours and then decreases much more slowly.
Indications
Acute period of ischemic stroke (as part of complex therapy);
Recovery period of ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes;
Traumatic brain injury, acute (as part of complex therapy) and recovery period;
Cognitive and behavioral disorders in degenerative and vascular diseases of the brain.
Severe vagotonia (predominance of the tone of the parasympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system);
Children and adolescents under 18 years of age (due to the lack of sufficient clinical data);
Rare hereditary diseases associated with fructose intolerance;
Hypersensitivity to the components of the drug.
The drug is taken with meals or between meals. Before use, the drug can be diluted in a small amount of water (120 ml or 1/2 cup).
Acute period of ischemic stroke and traumatic brain injury: The recommended dose is 1000 mg (10 ml or 1 sachet) every 12 hours. The duration of treatment is at least 6 weeks.
Recovery period of ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes, recovery period of traumatic brain injury, cognitive and behavioral disorders in degenerative and vascular diseases of the brain: The recommended dose is 500-2000 mg/day (5-10 ml 1-2 times/day or 1 sachet (1000 mg) 1-2 times/day). The dose and duration of treatment depend on the severity of the symptoms of the disease.
Elderly patients No dose adjustment of Ceraxon is required.
Rules for using a dosing syringe
1. Place the dosing syringe into the bottle (the syringe plunger is completely lowered).
2. Carefully pull the plunger of the dosing syringe until the solution level is equal to the corresponding mark on the syringe.
3. Before taking, the required amount of solution can be diluted in 1/2 glass of water (120 ml).
Rules for using the drug in sachets
1. Holding the bag vertically, carefully tear off its edge at the “Open here” mark.
2.The contents of the sachet can be drunk immediately after opening or before use can be diluted in 1/2 glass of water (120 ml).
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We asked aromatherapist Olga Straganova about what a sachet is and how to use a sachet correctly.
Sachet is the easiest way to make things around us smell good. In the old days, a sachet was an indispensable attribute of the home of every self-respecting lady, a symbol of home and housekeeping. Typically, sachets are small pillows or bags filled with aromatic herbs, petals, sometimes even twigs, as well as spices. The use of aromatic oils in sachets was also not prohibited; they retained the scent longer than dried flowers and made it more intense.
Most often, sachets are used in closets with clothes - this way your laundry will always smell wonderful in spring. Most often, the sachet pad is simply placed on a shelf, but a woman’s skill was considered to be the ability to give the sachet an exquisite look. So, the pillow can be trimmed with braid, fringe or lace, folded in a pile and tied with a silk ribbon. Some craftswomen sew a loop to the sachet - this way you can hang it on a hanger, adding fragrance to your dress or coat.
In addition, according to ancient belief, sachets with herbs are protective items that protect the house from bad people and evil spirits, and also neutralize quarrels within the family. In this case, the sachets can be seen hanging at the entrance to the house or, for example, on the headboard of the marital bed. The latter, moreover, promote relaxation and normalize sleep. People wore small bags of herbs around their necks (this can still be seen among some peoples) as a good luck talisman or amulet that warded off evil spells.
Aromatization of linen
- rose, lavender, ylang-ylang, clove, rosemary, mint, lemon.
Good sleep (for bedroom)
- verbena, geranium, valerian, rose petals.
Rest, relaxation, anti-stress
- coniferous smells of cedar, juniper or pine.
Immunity, protection against colds
- rosemary, sage, lemon balm, thyme.
Efficiency, activity
- citrus fruits (lemon, orange, grapefruit, tangerine)
Aphrodisiacs (sexual arousal) - ylang-ylang, patchouli, rose, jasmine, gardenia
Sasha "Guard" for home protection - Take a handful of salt, a tablespoon each of rosemary and basil, a teaspoon each of fennel seeds and dill, a laurel leaf and a piece of fern leaf of the same size. This mixture must be placed in a red cloth, and the sachet itself must be covered at the highest point of your house.
Sachet “Guard” for wearing - Combine a tablespoon of dill seed, a dessert spoon of cumin seeds and a teaspoon of flaxseed. Sprinkle everything with a handful of salt and carry it in a white bag.
Sasha "Wealth" - so that the river of money does not bypass you, take a tablespoon of patchouli, dessert cloves and a teaspoon of cinnamon, put a gold ring (but not a wedding ring) in this mixture, place it in a green cloth and always carry it in your purse next to your wallet.
Sasha "Love" very beautiful: petals from three red roses, the peel of half an orange, a pinch of dry sage and gypsophila. Mix this mixture thoroughly and wear it in a pink silk bag around your neck.
For
Ekaterina the Beautiful All rights reserved
Preferanskaya Nina Germanovna
Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, First Moscow State Medical University named after. THEM. Sechenova, Ph.D.
Solution (Solutio)- a liquid dosage form obtained by dissolving one or more medicinal substances (solid, liquid or gaseous, low molecular weight or high molecular weight) in an appropriate solvent (Aqua purificato, spiritus aethylicus, etc.). The process of obtaining solutions is accelerated by using preliminary grinding of medicinal substances or by stirring or heating. Pharmacies often use standard concentrates (a specially prepared concentrated solution placed in a burette system) to prepare certain solutions. Solutions are intended: for internal, parenteral or external use. Depending on the nature of the dispersion medium, they can be manufactured using purified water, an organic solvent (ethanol, glycerin, oil) or viscous dispersion media (for example, polyorganosiloxane liquids). Solutions are dosed by weight, volume or mass-volume concentration.
Drops (Guttae)- liquid dosage form dosed in drops. Aqueous, oily, alcoholic solutions, thin suspensions or emulsions of medicinal substances are used. They can be for enteral (internal) and parenteral use (eye drops, nose drops, ear drops). Drops are prescribed in small volumes from 3 ml to 30-50 ml.
Potion (mixtura,from lat.mixtus - mixed)-This liquid dosage form for internal use, dosed in tablespoons, dessert spoons or teaspoons. Potions - complex liquids for internal use, in which the dispersion medium is purified water . E then combined dispersion systems are written out in expanded form, i.e. The recipe lists all the ingredients included in the mixture and their quantities. The word “potion” is not indicated in the recipe. A feature of medicines for internal use is the indication of doses of medicinal substances per dose and the number of doses.
Dosage forms for injections are manufactured mainly by the pharmaceutical industry in the form of ampoules and vials. They are characterized by sterility, pyrogen-free (do not cause an increase in the patient’s body temperature); stability, absence of mechanical impurities and, in some cases, isotonicity (certain osmolarity). Solutions dispensed by injection are administered using a syringe and, depending on the injection site, are distinguished: subcutaneous, spinal, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intravenous and other injections. Intravenous injection infusions have been used since 1690. The first syringe of a modern design with a thin needle for piercing the skin was independently created by the Scot Alexander Wood and the Frenchman from Lyon Charles Gabriel Pravaz. A patent for a disposable syringe was received by Arthur Smith in 1850. In 1851, a Russian doctor at the Vladikavkaz military hospital, Lazarev, was the first to use subcutaneous injection using a silver tip extended into a needle. Currently, syringe ampoule, penfill, subcutaneous injector and other devices are used.
Infusions (Infusa)-water extracts from parts of plants: leaves, flowers and grass.
Decoctions (Decocta)- aqueous extracts from bark, rhizomes, roots; from leathery leaves (for example, from bearberry).
Infusions and decoctions contain, in addition to biologically active substances, impurities, or so-called ballast substances: sugar, mucus, bitterness, tannin, pigments, etc. Infusions and decoctions are prepared in pharmacies ex temporae, because they quickly decompose and lose their specific activity. Store in a cool place for no more than 4 days!
Slime- dosage forms of high viscosity, as well as those prepared using starch from an aqueous extract of plant materials.
Suspensions(suspensions) - systems in which a solid substance is suspended in a liquid medium, the particle size ranges from 0.1 to 10 microns. There are suspensions: internally, for local use, external use, inhalation, injection, intradermal.
Emulsions- dosage forms formed by liquids insoluble in each other. Emulsions are available: for external, injection, intravaginal, nasal use, for intramuscular administration, orally, for inhalation and infusion.
Ethanol solutions are manufactured in volumetric or mass-volume concentrations, where the solvent is spiritus aethylicus different concentrations.
Tinctures -Tinctura, alcoholic, aqueous-alcoholic or alcohol-etheric transparent extracts from medicinal plant materials, obtained without heating and removing the extracts, are a stable dosage form. All tinctures are official, i.e. the concentration of each tincture is determined by the State Pharmacopoeia and is prepared in the factory.
Extracts (extracta)- concentrated extracts from medicinal plant materials; distinguish between liquid, thick, dry and other types . All extracts are official and factory produced. Liquid extracts are dosed in drops. Thick and dry extracts are prepared in powders, tablets and other dosage forms. Extracts for oral administration are liquid, oil for external (local) use. The dry extract is usually dosed in tablets.
Balms (Balsam) There are several types: for oral use, for external use, external, for joints, for the body, feet, lips, as well as conditioning balm.
Elixir -for external and oral administration, oral, dental, for children. Breast elixir, Phytoimmunal, Cliofit, Bronchicum, etc. are produced in the form of an elixir.
Medicinal syrup- a solution of a medicinal substance in a thick sugar solution. Syrups are for children and homeopathic. Many children's medicines are prepared in the form of syrup, because... it is easy to dose and perfectly masks the unpleasant taste, for example, 2.4% paracetamol syrup for children in 50 and 100 ml bottles or 0.8% butamirate syrup in 200 ml bottles.
Soft dosage forms
Soft dosage forms are thick mixtures, often for external use, these include: ointments, gels, creams, pastes, liniments, suppositories, etc.
Ointments (unguenta)- dosage forms of soft consistency for external use. When the ointment contains a powdery substance of more than 25%, the ointment is called Pastas. Ointments are in non-dosed dosage forms; in prescriptions they are prescribed in total quantities. Only in exceptional cases, when substances with a pronounced resorptive effect are prescribed in ointments, are ointments prescribed divided into doses. There are simple and complex ointments, consisting of one or more active ingredients, respectively. Currently, most ointments are produced by the pharmaceutical industry in finished form; they are prepared according to official recipes, without indicating the composition and concentration of medicinal substances.
Liquid ointment for rubbing from soap and ammonia with camphor is called Opodeldok, Opodeldoks are produced - oral, homeopathic, external. Liquid opodeldocs are a type of liniments.
Liniments- thick liquids or gelatinous masses. Balsamic liniment is produced according to A.V. Vishnevsky for the treatment of burns, wounds, ulcers or liniment to soften the skin.
Suppositories (Suppositoria)- dosage dosage forms, solid at room temperature and melting at body temperature, intended for administration into body cavities (rectal, vaginal). Suppositories can be shaped like a ball, cone, cylinder, cigar, etc. There are rectal (suppositories) - suppositori and rectalia, vaginal - suppositori and vaginalia, urethral and sticks - bacilli. Vaginal suppositories can be spherical in shape (balls - globuli), ovoid (ovula), urethral - in the form of a flat body with a rounded end (pessaries - pessaria) or in the form of a vaginal or rectal cone. In suppositories, medicinal substances are used for both local and resorptive effects, and are dosed for both adults and children. In rectal suppositories containing toxic and potent substances, the same rules regarding higher doses are observed as for dosage forms used orally. Suppositories are prepared on different bases - cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, homeopathic. Most of the suppositories used are factory-made.
Pills- dosage dosage form in the form of a ball weighing from 0.1 to 0.5 g, prepared from a homogeneous plastic mass containing drugs and excipients. Currently, they are practically not prepared or used. A pill weighing more than 0.5 g is called Bolus. Currently, the only Chinese-made drug “Huato Boluses” is being produced, which is used internally for the correction of cerebral circulation of age-related and vascular origin, treatment and rehabilitation after a stroke.
Different dosage forms
Aerosols (Aerosola)- a dosage form in a special package in which solid or liquid medicines are contained in a gas or gaseous substance. High bioavailability and therapeutic effectiveness of medicinal substances is achieved when they are sprayed in the form of highly dispersed systems. Aerosol packaging involves placing the medicine in a special container equipped with a spray head and a valve device. A propellant gas is added inside the aerosol can. In addition, there are special inhalers for spraying highly dispersed powdered medications. Aerosol preparations include: “Efatin”, “Camphomen”, “Beclomet”, “Troventol”, “Ingalipt”, “Levovinisol”, “Proposol”, etc.
Aerosol for inhalation, dosed, for local and external use, nasal, sublingual dosed. Spray for local and external use, dosed, nasal, for children, sublingual, sublingual.
Plasters- dosage form for external use in the form of a plastic mass that has the ability to adhere to the skin after softening at body temperature. The patches are available in the form of t transdermal therapeutic systems (TTS), for example, the drugs “Durogesic”, “Nitropercutan TTS”, “Nitroderm TTS 5”, “Nitroderm TTS 10”, “Extraderm TTS 25 (50 and 100)”, “Nicotinell TTS10 (20 and 30)”.
Intrauterine therapy system(IUD) combines the advantages of the two most reliable methods of contraception - hormonal and intrauterine and at the same time eliminates their disadvantages. This unique method of long-term contraception was created by the Finnish scientist Tapani Lukkainen in 1970. The IUD is available in sterile packaging under the trade name “Mirena”, which is opened only immediately before its installation. The IUD is T-shaped, in its vertical part there is a miniature cylindrical capsule, it contains a synthetic analogue of the female sex hormone progesterone (levonorgestrel), which is responsible for menstruation and pregnancy. After introduction into the uterine cavity, levonorgestrel is released in microportions through a special membrane for 5 years, the release rate is initially 20 mcg/day, and after 5 years it decreases to 10 mcg/day. This is a reliable and safe method that protects a woman from unwanted pregnancy.
Sachet(from Latin saccus - bag, bag; French sachet - bag, bag) is a package that is a flat four-seam bag or pouch. The drug "Maalox" 15 ml, 8 and 55% gel "Phospholugel" 16 g for oral administration are available in sachet form.
Medicinal films- dosage form in the form of a polymer film. We produce eye films used in ophthalmological practice, as well as gum films and dental films.
Eye films (Membranulae ophthalmicae) compared to eye drops, make it possible to dose more accurately and maintain therapeutic concentrations of substances for a long time (24 hours), maintaining sterility and stability, without causing irritation of the conjunctiva. Currently, in medical practice, eye films containing pilocarpine hydrochloride (Membranulae ophthalmicae cum Pilocarpini hydrochlorido), atropine sulfate (cum Atropini sulfate), florenal (cum Florenalo), sulfapyridazine-sodium (cum Sulfapyridazino-natrio), neomycin sulfate (cum Neomycini) are used in medical practice. sulfate), dicaine (cum Dicaino) and other substances.
Medicinal pencils medical ( Lapis)- cylindrical sticks 4-8 mm thick and up to 10 cm long with a pointed or rounded end. A “Medical Pencil” for cauterization and a pencil for inhalation are produced.
On the pharmaceutical market there are such modern dosage forms as Chewing gumMeryK fruity or mint Candy sucking, plate diagnostic and for external use (sticky), Medical glue for external use; Lotions; Poultices; Washings, Teas etc.
The same drug is produced in different dosage forms and is used for various indications. The task of the doctor, patient and pharmacist is to choose the correct dosage form that provides therapeutic concentration in the blood or diseased organ, a quick maximum pharmacological effect and achieve the desired result.
