You've probably seen science fiction films where heroes, traveling in space, find themselves in another universe? Most often, mysterious cosmic black holes become the door to another world. It turns out there is some truth to these stories. Scientists say so.
When the very center of a star - in its core - runs out of fuel, all its particles become very heavy. And then, the entire planet collapses into its center. This causes a powerful shock wave that ruptures the outer, still burning, shell of the star and it explodes in a blinding flash. One teaspoon of a small extinct star weighs several billion tons. Such a star is called neutron. And if a star is twenty to thirty times larger than our sun, its destruction leads to the formation of the strangest phenomenon in the universe - black hole.
The gravity in a Black Hole is so strong that it traps planets, gases and even light. Black holes are invisible, they can only be found by a huge funnel of cosmic bodies flying into it. Only around some holes does a bright glow form. After all, the rotation speed is very high, particles of celestial bodies heat up to millions of degrees and glow brightly
Cosmic black hole attracts all objects, twisting them in a spiral. As objects approach the black hole, they begin to accelerate and stretch out, like giant spaghetti. The force of attraction gradually increases and at some point becomes so monstrous that nothing can overcome it. This boundary is called the event horizon. Any event that happens behind it will remain invisible forever.
Scientists suggest that black holes can create tunnels in space - “wormholes”. If you fall into it, you will be able to pass through space and find yourself in another Universe, where the opposite exists. white hole. Maybe someday this secret will be revealed and people will travel to other dimensions on powerful spaceships.
Black holes have always been one of the most interesting objects of observation by scientists. Being the largest objects located in the Universe, they are at the same time inaccessible and completely inaccessible to humanity. It will take a long time before we learn about the processes that occur near the “point of no return.” What is a black hole from a scientific point of view?
Let's talk about those facts that nevertheless became known to researchers as a result of lengthy work...
Because black holes emit electromagnetic waves, then they may not look black, but even, on the contrary, quite multi-colored. And it looks quite impressive.
There is a stereotype among mere mortals that a black hole is a huge vacuum cleaner that pulls the surrounding space into itself. Let's not be dummies and try to figure out what it really is.
In general, (without going into the complexities of quantum physics and astronomical research) a black hole can be imagined as a cosmic object with a greatly increased gravitational field. For example, if in the place of the Sun there was a black hole of the same size, then... nothing would happen, and our planet would continue to rotate in the same orbit. Black holes “absorb” only parts of stellar matter in the form of stellar wind, which is inherent in any star.
Of course, this fact sounds like something out of science fiction, especially since there is no evidence of the existence of other universes. Nevertheless, scientists are studying such theories quite closely.
If we talk in simple language, then if even one physical constant in our world changed by a small amount, we would lose the possibility of existence. The singularity of black holes cancels the usual laws of physics and can (at least in theory) give rise to new universe, differing in one way or another from ours.
As mentioned earlier, black holes absorb stellar wind. In addition, they slowly but surely evaporate, that is, they give up their mass into the surrounding space, and then disappear completely. This phenomenon was discovered in 1974 and called Hawking radiation, in honor of Stephen Hawking, who made this discovery to the world. 
As you know, the author of the theory of relativity associated with is Albert Einstein. But the scientist did not pay enough attention to the study of celestial bodies, although his theory could and, moreover, predicted the existence of black holes. Thus, Karl Schwarzschild became the first scientist to use general theory relativity to justify the existence of a “point of no return”. 
An interesting fact is that this happened in 1915, immediately after Einstein published his general theory of relativity. It was then that the term “Schwarzschild radius” arose - roughly speaking, this is the amount of force with which an object must be compressed in order for it to turn into a black hole. However, this is not an easy task. Let's find out why.
The fact is that, in theory, any body can become a black hole, but only if it is subjected to a certain degree of compression. For example, a peanut fruit could become a black hole if it had the mass of planet Earth...
Interesting fact: Black holes are the only cosmic bodies of their kind that have the ability to attract light through gravity.
Let's imagine the entire space of the universe in the form of a vinyl record. If you put a hot object on it, it will change its shape. The same thing happens with black holes. Their extreme mass attracts everything, including rays of light, causing the space around them to bend.
….After all, if the stars light up -
Does that mean anyone needs this?
V.V. Mayakovsky
Typically, fully formed stars are a cloud of cooled gases. The radiation from black holes prevents gas clouds from cooling and therefore prevents the formation of stars.
Black holes produce more energy than the Sun and other stars. The reason for this is the matter around it. When matter crosses the event horizon at high speed, it becomes extremely hot in the black hole's orbit. high temperature. This phenomenon is called black body radiation.
Interesting fact: In the process of nuclear fusion, 0.7% of matter becomes energy. Near a black hole, 10% of matter is converted into energy!
Black holes “stretch” the bodies next to them. As a result of this process, objects begin to resemble spaghetti (there is even a special term - “spaghettification” =).
Although this fact may seem comical, there is an explanation for it. This happens thanks to physical principle forces of attraction. Let's take the human body as an example. While on the ground, our feet are closer to the center of the Earth than our heads, so they are attracted more strongly. On the surface of a black hole, the legs are attracted to the center of the black hole much faster, and therefore upper part the body simply cannot keep up with them. Result: spaghettification!
And even the Sun. The only thing that prevents the sun from turning into absolutely black body— the force of gravity. At the center of a black hole it is many times stronger than at the center of the Sun. IN in this case, if our star were compressed to four kilometers in diameter, it could well become a black hole (due to its large mass).
But this is in theory. In practice, it is known that black holes appear only as a result of the collapse of ultra-large stars that exceed the Sun in mass by 25-30 times.
The main thesis of this fact is that as we approach the event horizon, time slows down. This phenomenon can be illustrated using the “twin paradox,” which is often used to explain the theory of relativity.
The main idea is that one of the twin brothers flies into space, and the second remains on Earth. Returning home, the twin discovers that his brother has aged more than he has, since when moving at a speed close to the speed of light, time begins to pass more slowly. 
Black holes are one of the most amazing and at the same time frightening objects in our Universe. They arise at the moment when stars with enormous mass run out of nuclear fuel. Nuclear reactions stop and the stars begin to cool. The body of the star contracts under the influence of gravity and gradually it begins to attract smaller objects to itself, transforming into a black hole.
Scientific luminaries began studying black holes not so long ago, despite the fact that the basic concepts of their existence were developed back in the last century. The very concept of a “black hole” was introduced in 1967 by J. Wheeler, although the conclusion that these objects inevitably arise during the collapse of massive stars was made back in the 30s of the last century. Everything inside the black hole - asteroids, light, comets absorbed by it - once approached too close to the boundaries of this mysterious object and failed to leave them.
The first of the boundaries of a black hole is called the static limit. This is the boundary of the region, entering which a foreign object can no longer be at rest and begins to rotate relative to the black hole in order to prevent itself from falling into it. The second boundary is called the event horizon. Everything inside a black hole once passed its outer boundary and moved towards the singularity point. According to scientists, here the substance flows into this central point, the density of which tends to infinity. People cannot know what laws of physics operate inside objects with such density, and therefore it is impossible to describe the characteristics of this place. In the literal sense of the word, it is a “black hole” (or perhaps a “gap”) in humanity’s knowledge of the world around us.
The event horizon is the impenetrable boundary of a black hole. Inside this boundary there is a zone that even objects whose movement speed is equal to the speed of light cannot leave. Even the quanta of light itself cannot leave the event horizon. Once at this point, no object can escape from the black hole. By definition, we cannot find out what is inside a black hole - after all, in its depths there is a so-called singularity point, which is formed due to the extreme compression of matter. Once an object falls inside the event horizon, from that moment on it will never be able to escape from it again and become visible to observers. On the other hand, those inside black holes cannot see anything happening outside.
The size of the event horizon surrounding this mysterious cosmic object is always directly proportional to the mass of the hole itself. If its mass is doubled, then the outer boundary will become twice as large. If scientists could find a way to turn the Earth into a black hole, then the size of the event horizon would be only 2 cm in cross section.
As a rule, the mass of the average black hole is approximately equal to three solar masses or more. Of the two types of black holes, stellar and supermassive ones are distinguished. Their mass exceeds the mass of the Sun by several hundred thousand times. Stars are formed after the death of large heavenly bodies. Regular mass black holes appear after completion life cycle big stars. Both types of black holes, despite their different origins, have similar properties. Supermassive black holes are located at the centers of galaxies. Scientists suggest that they were formed during the formation of galaxies due to the merger of stars closely adjacent to each other. However, these are only guesses, not confirmed by facts.
Some mathematicians believe that inside these mysterious objects of the Universe there are so-called wormholes - transitions to other Universes. In other words, at the point of singularity there is a space-time tunnel. This concept has served many writers and directors. However, the vast majority of astronomers believe that there are no tunnels between the Universes. However, even if they did exist, there is no way for humans to know what is inside a black hole.
There is another concept, according to which at the opposite end of such a tunnel there is a white hole, from where a gigantic amount of energy flows from our Universe to another world through black holes. However, at this stage of the development of science and technology, travel of this kind is out of the question.
Black holes are one of the most amazing predictions of A. Einstein. It is known that the gravitational force that is created on the surface of any planet is inversely proportional to the square of its radius and directly proportional to its mass. For this celestial body, we can define the concept of second cosmic velocity, which is necessary to overcome this gravitational force. For the Earth it is equal to 11 km/sec. If the mass of the celestial body increases, and the diameter, on the contrary, decreases, then the second cosmic velocity may eventually exceed the speed of light. And since, according to the theory of relativity, no object can move faster than the speed of light, an object is formed that does not allow anything to escape beyond its limits.
In 1963, scientists discovered quasars - space objects that are giant sources of radio emission. They are located very far from our galaxy - their distance is billions of light years from Earth. To explain the extremely high activity of quasars, scientists have introduced the hypothesis that black holes are located inside them. This point of view is now generally accepted in scientific circles. Research conducted over the past 50 years has not only confirmed this hypothesis, but also led scientists to the conclusion that there are black holes at the center of every galaxy. There is also such an object in the center of our galaxy; its mass is 4 million solar masses. This black hole is called Sagittarius A, and because it is closest to us, it is the one most studied by astronomers.
This type of radiation, discovered by the famous physicist Stephen Hawking, significantly complicates the life of modern scientists - because of this discovery, many difficulties have arisen in the theory of black holes. In classical physics there is the concept of vacuum. This word denotes complete emptiness and absence of matter. However, with the development of quantum physics, the concept of vacuum was modified. Scientists have found that it is filled with so-called virtual particles - under the influence of a strong field they can turn into real ones. In 1974, Hawking found that such transformations can occur in the strong gravitational field of a black hole - near its external border, event horizon. Such a birth is paired - a particle and an antiparticle appear. As a rule, the antiparticle is doomed to fall into a black hole, and the particle flies away. As a result, scientists observe some radiation around these space objects. This is called Hawking radiation.
During this radiation, the matter inside the black hole slowly evaporates. The hole loses mass, and the intensity of the radiation is inversely proportional to the square of its mass. The intensity of Hawking radiation is negligible by cosmic standards. If we assume that there is a hole with a mass of 10 suns, and neither light nor any material objects fall on it, then even in this case the time for its decay will be monstrously long. The life of such a hole will exceed the entire existence of our Universe by 65 orders of magnitude.
One of the main problems that appeared after the discovery of Hawking radiation is the problem of information loss. It is connected with a question that seems very simple at first glance: what happens when a black hole evaporates completely? Both theories - how quantum physics, and classical - deal with a description of the state of the system. Having information about the initial state of the system, using theory it is possible to describe how it will change.
At the same time, in the process of evolution, information about the initial state is not lost - a kind of law on the preservation of information operates. But if the black hole evaporates completely, then the observer loses information about that part physical world, which once fell into a hole. Stephen Hawking believed that information about the initial state of the system is somehow restored after the black hole has completely evaporated. But the difficulty is that, by definition, information transfer from a black hole is impossible - nothing can leave the event horizon.
It is believed that if in some incredible way a person could get to the surface of a black hole, then it would immediately begin to pull him in its direction. Ultimately, a person would become so stretched that he would become a stream of subatomic particles moving towards a point of singularity. It is, of course, impossible to prove this hypothesis, because scientists are unlikely to ever be able to find out what happens inside black holes. Now some physicists say that if a person fell into a black hole, he would have a clone. The first of its versions would be immediately destroyed by a stream of hot particles of Hawking radiation, and the second would pass through the event horizon without the possibility of returning back.
Despite the enormous achievements in the field of physics and astronomy, there are many phenomena whose essence is not fully revealed. Such phenomena include mysterious black holes, all information about which is only theoretical and cannot be verified in a practical way.
Even before the advent of the theory of relativity, astronomers proposed a theory about the existence of black funnels. After the publication of Einstein's theory, the question of gravity was revised and new assumptions appeared in the problem of black holes. It is unrealistic to see this cosmic object, because it absorbs all the light entering its space. Scientists prove the existence of black holes based on analysis of the movement of interstellar gas and the trajectories of stars.
The formation of black holes leads to changes in space-time characteristics around them. Time seems to be compressed under the influence of enormous gravity and slows down. Stars that find themselves in the path of a black funnel can deviate from their route and even change direction. Black holes absorb the energy of their twin star, which also manifests itself.
Information regarding black holes is mostly hypothetical. Scientists study them for their effect on space and radiation. It is not possible to see black holes in the universe, because they absorb all the light that enters nearby space. An X-ray image of black objects was taken from special satellites, showing a bright center that is the source of the rays.
A black hole in space is separate world, which has its own unique characteristics and properties. The properties of cosmic holes are determined by the reasons for their appearance. Regarding the appearance of black objects, there are the following theories:
A black funnel is an object in space that has a relatively small size with enormous mass. The black hole theory says that every cosmic object can potentially become a black funnel if, as a result of some phenomena, it loses its size but retains its mass. Scientists even talk about the existence of many black microholes - miniature space objects with a relatively large mass. This discrepancy between mass and size leads to an increase in the gravitational field and the appearance of strong attraction.
The black mysterious object can only be called a hole with a big stretch. The center of this phenomenon is a cosmic body with increased gravity. The result of such gravity is a strong attraction to the surface of this cosmic body. This creates a vortex flow in which gases and grains rotate cosmic dust. Therefore, it is more correct to call a black hole a black funnel.
It is impossible to find out in practice what is inside a black hole, because the level of gravity of the cosmic vortex does not allow any object to escape from its zone of influence. According to scientists, inside a black hole complete darkness, because light quanta disappear in it irrevocably. It is assumed that space and time are distorted inside the black funnel; the laws of physics and geometry do not apply in this place. Such features of black holes could presumably lead to the formation of antimatter, which is currently unknown to scientists.
Black holes are sometimes described as objects that absorb surrounding objects, radiation and particles. This idea is incorrect: the properties of a black hole allow it to absorb only what falls within its zone of influence. It can absorb cosmic microparticles and radiation emanating from twin stars. Even if a planet is close to a black hole, it will not be absorbed, but will continue to move in its orbit.
The properties of black holes depend on the strength of the gravitational field. Black funnels attract everything that comes within their zone of influence. In this case, the spatiotemporal characteristics change. Scientists who study all things black holes disagree about what happens to the objects in this vortex:
Black funnels are divided into types based on the method of their formation:
The nearest black hole is 3,000 light years away from Earth. It is called V616 Monocerotis, or V616 Mon. Its weight reaches 9-13 solar masses. This hole's binary partner is a star half the mass of the Sun. Another funnel relatively close to Earth is Cygnus X-1. It is located 6 thousand light years from Earth and weighs 15 times more than the Sun. This cosmic black hole also has its own binary partner, the movement of which helps to trace the influence of Cygnus X-1.
Scientists tell the following interesting facts about black objects:
Both for scientists of past centuries and for researchers of our time, the greatest mystery of the cosmos is the black hole. What's inside this completely unfamiliar system to physics? What laws apply there? How time goes by in a black hole, and why can’t even light quanta escape from there? Now we will try, of course, from the point of view of theory and not practice, to understand what is inside a black hole, why it, in principle, was formed and exists, how it attracts the objects that surround it.
So, a black hole is a certain region of space in the Universe. It is impossible to identify it as a separate star or planet, since it is not solid and not gas body. Without a basic understanding of what spacetime is and how these dimensions can change, it is impossible to comprehend what is inside a black hole. The point is that this area is not just a spatial unit. which distorts both the three dimensions we know (length, width and height) and the timeline. Scientists are confident that in the horizon region (the so-called area surrounding the hole), time takes on a spatial meaning and can move both forward and backward.
If we want to understand what's inside a black hole, let's take a closer look at what gravity is. It is this phenomenon that is key in understanding the nature of the so-called “wormholes”, from which even light cannot escape. Gravity is the interaction between all bodies that have a material basis. The strength of such gravity depends on the molecular composition of bodies, on the concentration of atoms, as well as on their composition. The more particles collapse in a certain area of space, the greater the gravitational force. This is inextricably linked to the Big Bang Theory, when our Universe was the size of a pea. This was a state of maximum singularity, and as a result of a flash of light quanta, space began to expand due to the fact that particles repelled each other. Scientists describe a black hole exactly the opposite. What is inside such a thing in accordance with the TBZ? A singularity that is equal to the indicators inherent in our Universe at the moment of its birth.
There is an opinion that a person will never be able to understand what is happening inside a black hole. Because once there, he will be literally crushed by gravity and the force of gravity. In fact, this is not entirely true. Yes, indeed, a black hole is a region of singularity where everything is compressed to the maximum. But this is not at all a “space vacuum cleaner” that can suck in all the planets and stars. Any material object that finds itself on the event horizon will observe a strong distortion of space and time (for now, these units stand separately). The Euclidean system of geometry will begin to malfunction, in other words, the outlines will intersect stereometric figures will cease to be habitual. As for time, it will gradually slow down. The closer you get to the hole, the slower the clock will go relative to Earth time, but you won't notice it. When falling into a wormhole, the body will fall at zero speed, but this unit will be equal to infinity. curvature, which equates the infinite to zero, which finally stops time in the region of singularity.
The only object in space that attracts light is a black hole. What is inside it and in what form it is there is unknown, but it is believed that it is pitch darkness, which is impossible to imagine. Light quanta, getting there, do not simply disappear. Their mass is multiplied by the mass of the singularity, which makes it even larger and increases it. Thus, if inside " wormhole“You turn on the flashlight to look around, it won’t glow. The emitted quanta will constantly multiply by the mass of the hole, and you, roughly speaking, will only worsen your situation.
As we have already figured out, the basis of formation is gravity, the magnitude of which there is millions of times greater than on Earth. An accurate idea of what a black hole is was given to the world by Karl Schwarzschild, who, in fact, discovered the very event horizon and the point of no return, and also established that zero in a state of singularity is equal to infinity. In his opinion, a black hole can form at any point in space. In this case, a certain material object having a spherical shape must reach the gravitational radius. For example, the mass of our planet must fit into the volume of one pea in order to become a black hole. And the Sun should have a diameter of 5 kilometers with its mass - then its state will become singular.
The laws of physics and geometry work perfectly on earth and in outer space, where space is close to a vacuum. But they completely lose their significance on the event horizon. That is why, from a mathematical point of view, it is impossible to calculate what is inside a black hole. The pictures that you can come up with if you bend space in accordance with our ideas about the world are probably far from the truth. It has only been established that time here turns into a spatial unit and, most likely, some more are added to the existing dimensions. This makes it possible to believe that inside a black hole (a photo, as you know, will not show this, since the light there eats itself) completely different worlds are formed. These Universes may be composed of antimatter, which is currently unknown to scientists. There are also versions that the sphere of no return is just a portal that leads either to another world or to other points in our Universe.
Much more than the existence of a black hole is its creation or disappearance. A sphere that distorts space-time, as we have already found out, is formed as a result of collapse. This could be the explosion of a large star, a collision of two or more bodies in space, and so on. But how did matter that could theoretically be touched become a domain of time distortion? The puzzle is a work in progress. But it is followed by a second question - why do such spheres of no return disappear? And if black holes evaporate, then why doesn’t that light and all the cosmic matter that they sucked in come out of them? When matter in the singularity zone begins to expand, gravity gradually decreases. As a result, the black hole simply dissolves, and in its place remains the usual vacuum outer space. Another mystery follows from this - where did everything that got into it go?
Researchers are confident that the energy future of humanity can be shaped by a black hole. What is inside this system is still unknown, but it has been established that at the event horizon any matter is transformed into energy, but, of course, partially. For example, a person, finding himself near the point of no return, will give up 10 percent of his matter for processing into energy. This figure is simply colossal; it became a sensation among astronomers. The fact is that on Earth, only 0.7 percent of matter is converted into energy.
