Can tolerate loss of only 500 milliliters of blood without significant consequences. An outpouring of 1000 ml is dangerous, and the loss of more than 1 liter of blood threatens human life. If the loss is 2 liters or more, then the victim needs emergency blood loss replacement. Bleeding from a large arterial vessel can lead to death in just a few minutes. Therefore, if possible, it should be stopped quickly and reliably. It is important to take into account that elderly people over 70 years of age, people weakened by any disease and children do not tolerate even a small loss of blood.
There are several types of bleeding:
- capillary, in most cases it stops easily;
- arterial, can quickly bleed the victim, therefore it poses the greatest danger;
- venous, which is much less intense than arterial, but threatens human health and life, unlike capillary;
- mixed.
First aid for any of them is aimed at stopping bleeding and protecting the wound from infection. The main thing is to correctly establish which vessels are damaged - capillaries, arteries or vernaculars.
With venous, blood flows out in a slow, continuous stream pulsating in time with breathing. Its color is dark red or cherry. Venous bleeding may be a consequence traumatic injury veins, ruptures of the blood vessels of the nasal mucosa (with increased blood pressure, taking aspirin) or ruptures of veins (with varicose veins). Bleeding from the subclavian, jugular and femoral veins is especially dangerous. It is best to stop it with a pressure bandage.
So, when you find venous bleeding in a person, the first thing to do is elevate the wounded area. This is necessary to ensure that blood flows away from the damaged area. Then proceed to apply pressure. Apply it just below the damage, because... venous blood enters the heart from peripheral vessels. It is better to use an individual dressing package. And if you don’t have it at hand, apply several layers of sterile gauze, bandage or gauze pads to the wound. Place a handkerchief on them (gauze, bandage or gauze folded in several layers).
Next, to strengthen the bandage, make several rounds (turns) with the bandage. Apply a pressure bandage very tightly to the injury site. Remember, each new round is overlapped so that the previous one is overlapped by 50-70%. This way you will compress the lumens of the vessels that have been damaged and stop the bleeding. If the blood has stopped flowing, but the pulsation below remains, the bandage is applied correctly. But if it is again soaked in blood, then apply several more layers of gauze (napkins, bandage) on top of it and bandage it tightly again. If possible, place a heating pad on top that is filled with cold water or an ice pack. Don't forget after half an hour for 10-15 minutes. This is necessary to restore general blood flow in the wounded area.
When bleeding from the nose, press the wing of the nose against the septum, after placing a cotton swab moistened with hydrogen peroxide into the nasal passage. Apply cold on the back of your head or bridge of your nose for 4-5 minutes. Then remove for 3-4 minutes and put back in. Do this until the bleeding stops completely. Keep your head straight because... if you tilt it back, blood will flow down the back wall throats.
Bleeding is a condition requiring emergency care. Bleeding from the arteries is considered the most serious, however, even if the veins are damaged, dangerous outcomes for human life and health are possible.
Bleeding (hemorrhage) is the release of blood from a damaged vessel. In venous hemorrhage, the source of blood loss is any venous vessel.
Venous bleeding develops when the vein wall is damaged
Depending on whether the bleeding vessel communicates with environment or not, all bleeding is classified into external and internal. External ones include those that are formed during damage skin. The main sign of such hemorrhages is the presence of a wound. All other bleeding options are considered internal. In this case, obvious ones are isolated (from hollow organs), which are characterized by the release of blood into external environment, and hidden internal bleeding.
If the problem is hidden, the fact of bleeding is not always clear (bleeding into the pelvis due to impaired ectopic pregnancy, hemorrhage into the abdominal cavity with injuries to the hepatic and splenic vessels, blood flow into the chest cavity with chest injuries, etc.)
Many medical publications have a different classification:
According to the mechanism of development, all bleeding is classified as follows:
Depending on the rate of blood loss, acute and chronic blood loss are distinguished. The most dangerous for the body is acute blood loss, which can lead to the development of hemorrhagic (due to massive blood loss) shock and death. The body manages to adapt to chronic blood loss, even large volumes, so it does not pose an immediate threat to life.
In everyday life, external venous bleeding is most common. They can occur due to accidental cutting or intentional injury to oneself (suicide attempt) and others. Usually the superficial ones are injured, less often - deep veins limbs.
Large veins of the upper extremities:
The venous network of the arm includes superficial and deep veins
Large venous trunks of the legs:
Vienna lower limbs divided into superficial and deep
Veins located on the surface and in the depths are connected through numerous communicating branches.
With bruises, tears and sprains, as a rule, a bruise is formed, which is a hemorrhage into the subcutaneous fat. Bruises occur when small vessels of various origins (capillaries, small arteries and veins) are destroyed. When combined mechanical injury with a violation of the blood coagulation system (hemophilia), the formation of hematomas in the area of bruises is possible.
For head injuries, abdominal cavity it is possible for such cavities to form in internal organs (intracranial hematoma, subcapsular hematoma of the spleen, etc.).
External bleeding is determined based on the nature of the blood flow from the vessel and the color of the flowing blood.
TO distinctive features venous bleeding include:
The main signs of venous bleeding are dark color blood and flow of blood without pulsation, in a continuous stream
For hemorrhage from large veins located close to large arteries, possible bleeding with pulsation. All pulsating bleeding should be distinguished only by the characteristic color of the blood.
At venous bleeding in the abdominal organs it is possible to detect:
When blood enters the body cavities, the following are characteristic:
There are also symptoms that are common to any location of bleeding:
Revealing internal bleeding solely on the basis of patient complaints is often impossible, so it is necessary to use additional methods diagnostics
All patients with suspected internal bleeding undergo clinical analysis blood. With blood loss, anemia is determined - a decrease in hemoglobin and red blood cells below normal (normal hemoglobin is more than 130 g/l in men and more than 120 g/l in women, red blood cells - more than 3.9 thousand per μl in men and more than 3, 7 thousand per µl in women).
Other diagnostic tests used for suspected internal bleeding include:
The severity of symptoms and laboratory changes depend on the degree of blood loss.
| Bleeding severity | Volume of blood loss | Hemoglobin level, g/l | Clinical signs |
| Light | Up to 500 ml | more than 100 | None |
| Average | 500–1000 ml | 80–100 |
|
| Heavy | 1000–1500 ml | Less than 80 |
|
| Massive bleeding | More than 1500 ml | Less than 60 |
|
If there is external venous bleeding, it is necessary to provide the patient with emergency care to avoid massive blood loss. Venous hemorrhages are stopped with a pressure bandage. A tourniquet is used only to stop bleeding from the arteries.
For external bleeding from the extremities of venous origin, a properly applied pressure bandage is considered the optimal method. It allows you to compress the venous vessels, which leads to the cessation of hemorrhage. It is necessary to keep such a bandage until medical personnel arrive and provide professional assistance or until blood loss completely stops, if it is not possible to consult a doctor.
A bandage (unlike a tourniquet) does not interfere with the flow of blood to the tissues of the limb, so leave it on long period not dangerous.
To apply a pressure bandage you will need:
Bandaging tactics:
The pressure bandage is in a reliable way stopping venous bleeding
If there are no sterile materials or antiseptics nearby, you can do without them. It is enough to bandage the bandage to the wound. In case of hemorrhage, it is important to stop blood loss very quickly. Disinfection of a wound is not a priority when providing first aid.
After a few minutes, the limb below the bandage becomes bluish in color, as the venous outflow from it is stopped. This is fine. If a limb is pale and cold to the touch, it may be bandaged too tightly, resulting in pinching of the arteries. In this case, the bandage must be redone, bandaging the limb with less effort.
In case of hemorrhage from venous vessels localized on the arms or legs, maximum flexion of the limb is performed to temporarily stop the blood. This method is very simple and indispensable in conditions where applying a pressure bandage is impossible.
The joint in which the limb is flexed depends on the location of the hemorrhage. For injuries below the knee, the leg is bent in knee joint, with a thigh wound - in the hip. When blood flows from the veins of the forearm, the arm should be bent in elbow joint, with hemorrhage from the veins of the shoulder, the arms are retracted back. A fabric cushion should be placed in the bent joint. The bent limb must be fixed in accepted position using a bandage or other available materials (for example, using a belt).
Maximum flexion of the limb is a way to stop bleeding, used when it is impossible to apply a pressure bandage
I, like many people, had to try maximum limb flexion on personal experience. This method is used to stop hemorrhage from the veins of the elbow after intravenous injections.
If there is a deep bleeding wound, tamponade can be used to temporarily stop the bleeding. In order to reliably stop blood loss, it is necessary to tightly pack the wound with sterile gauze turundas (tampons). You can use skeins of sterile bandage as a turunda.
Wound tamponade is the only effective measure to stop bleeding in deep wounds
If sterile bandages are not available, in case of massive bleeding, any available tissue material (not necessarily sterile) can be used to tamponade the wound.
If internal bleeding is suspected, call ambulance. While waiting for bleeding from the stomach or bronchi, you should try to preserve vertical position the victim's torso. This is necessary to prevent suffocation from masses of blood. If a person is unconscious, his head or entire torso must be turned to one side so that blood can flow freely from the oral cavity. These measures are the only first aid measures for internal bleeding outside medical institution.
The patient with massive blood flow from the oral cavity must be placed in a lateral position
Even if venous hemorrhage stops, it is necessary to take the victim to medical institution. If there is internal bleeding, hospitalization is required even if the blood loss has stopped. Bleeding can spontaneously resume at any minute.
If there is external bleeding, the doctor will examine the wound site. If the bleeding has stopped and the victim’s condition is satisfactory, then hospitalization will not be required. The wound will need to be treated daily with an antiseptic (hydrogen peroxide) until complete healing.
Hospitalization is necessary in the following cases:
In the hospital, sutures are placed on the damaged vessels, and the wound is treated. For deep wounds, wound tamponade is performed with special medical supplies- hemostatic sponges, turundas, treated with specific solutions. These drugs accelerate the formation of a blood clot in the area of bleeding, which speeds up the cessation of bleeding. When injured by metal objects or the wound is contaminated with soil, tetanus is prevented by administering a medicinal serum.
Stitching the wound - surgery which is done to stop heavy bleeding
If there are signs of loss of a large volume of blood, it is administered saline solution sodium chloride as a blood substitute. If the hemoglobin level decreases significantly (less than 70 g/l), a transfusion of red blood cells is required.
If internal bleeding is suspected, diagnostic measures, described above. They allow you to identify the source of blood loss and eliminate it.
Internal bleeding, even with a small amount of blood loss, can be fatal. For example, with hemorrhage from the vessels of the bronchi, the lumen of the respiratory tract closes. The victim may die from lack of oxygen. Therefore, it is important to send the patient to a specialized medical facility. If there are any signs of internal bleeding, you should call an ambulance. It is not recommended to take the victim to the hospital yourself, as on the way necessary help can only be provided by doctors. In addition, the emergency physician must decide where the patient will be transported. Some types of internal bleeding require complex diagnostic and treatment equipment, which is not available in all medical institutions.
Minor external bleeding from the veins, as a rule, does not pose a threat to life, provided assistance is provided to the victim. Minor hemorrhages after performing emergency measures stop within 3-5 minutes. Possible complication external bleeding is infection of the wound if antiseptic conditions are not observed during first aid.
With massive external and internal bleeding, hemorrhagic shock may develop, which is characterized by:
The victim may die if medical care for hemorrhagic shock is not provided in a timely manner.
Internal bleeding of any location poses a threat to life, since it is impossible to provide emergency care outside a medical institution. Therefore, the prognosis in this case is determined not only by the massiveness of blood loss, but also by the speed of delivery of the patient to a medical organization.
If the cause of hemorrhage is malignant tumor, destroyed a vessel, or a blood disease, bleeding may return repeatedly. To prevent recurrent bleeding, it is necessary to eliminate the underlying cause.
Venous hemorrhages can be accompanied by the loss of a significant volume of blood, which is extremely dangerous for human life. Therefore, it is necessary to have an idea about distinctive characteristics bleeding from the venous bed and methods of providing emergency care when they occur.
Each of us has experienced bleeding at least once in our lives. It can occur due to a small cut, blow, or serious injury. But unfortunately, they may not always be at hand necessary materials first aid or medical workers. Therefore, every person should be able to use available means and know how to stop bleeding at home.
First you need to learn about the important properties of blood and types of bleeding. As you know, blood has the ability to clot, so if a person has good blood clotting, then minor bleeding stops on its own, since the blood clogs the hole in the vessel that was formed during the injury. Otherwise, bleeding occurs.
The consequences of bleeding are associated with a significant amount of blood loss. As a result, the blood supply to tissues and the supply of oxygen to organs deteriorates, so their activity is disrupted. The lungs, heart and brain are primarily affected.
Types of bleeding:
How to stop bleeding from a cut.
Stopping capillary bleeding is quite simple task, since blood loss is small. Remember that in order to stop bleeding from a cut finger or hand at home, you must act quickly. This will allow you to avoid major blood loss. This is especially important when stopping nosebleeds.
The first thing you can do to stop capillary bleeding is to apply clean gauze treated with hydrogen peroxide. If there is no gauze, then use any improvised means, for example, a clean handkerchief.
If you don't have hydrogen peroxide on hand, use plain water to clean the wound and stop bleeding. Must be used cold water, it will shrink blood vessels when used hot water blood clotting will occur, which will also help stop bleeding in case of a cut or shallow wound.
You can also use Vaseline to block the blood from escaping. Apply it to small cuts, this will allow the blood to clot. If you don’t have Vaseline at home, then white vinegar will come to your aid. Take some cotton wool and apply a little vinegar to the wound to disinfect it and help the blood clot.
Of course, it is best that in your home medicine cabinet There was always a styptic pencil. It contains mineral astringents that do an excellent job of stopping minor bleeding.
Be sure to bandage the wound to prevent dirt from getting in. Use a regular screw or clean gauze as a sterile dressing.
Stopping venous bleeding.
The main danger of venous bleeding is not only large blood loss, but also air embolism. It occurs when air is sucked into the vessels, which can then enter the heart. Therefore, when a vein is injured, bleeding must be stopped quickly using a pressure bandage.
Take a clean gauze and place it over the bleeding area. Then you need to apply another gauze, folded several times, or an unrolled bandage on top. This way you will compress the vessels and venous bleeding will stop. If there is nothing at hand from which you can make a pressure bandage, then press the vessel with your fingers.
How to stop arterial bleeding.
Since in arterial system high blood pressure, then medical attention may be needed to stop the bleeding. If this is not possible, then you can stop the bleeding yourself if an artery is injured by applying pressure with your finger at the point where the bleeding occurs.
Remember that everything needs to be done as quickly as possible, since, for example, with bleeding in the carotid or axillary arteries, a person can die in 2.5-3 minutes. Press the artery with your finger, at this time you need to prepare a pressure bandage. In some cases, it becomes necessary to apply a tourniquet above the bleeding site.
How to stop internal bleeding.
If you can stop external bleeding on your own, then to stop internal bleeding you need the help of specialists, so call an ambulance immediately. The injured person must be taken to the hospital as soon as possible.
While waiting for arrival medical workers Provide the victim with a comfortable position. Try to calm him down and make him stay calm. supine position. Examine the victim, and if there is external bleeding, stop it.
Always monitor the person's breathing and maintain optimal body temperature. Avoid hypothermia or overheating; if necessary, apply a compress to your forehead.
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If large vessels are damaged, a person can lose more than 500 ml of blood per day. short time, this poses a threat to his life and requires immediate medical attention. There are several: venous and mixed.
In order to successfully provide PMP for venous bleeding (first medical care), first of all you need to establish which vessels are damaged.
First aid for venous bleeding should be carried out strictly according to the following points:
Each type of bleeding has its own characteristic symptoms, defining it. To provide first aid for venous bleeding, as with any other, you need to know the relevant signs. Table No. 1 presents the symptoms of types of external hemorrhage.
Table No. 1:
| Venous | Arterial | Capillary |
| The blood is dark in color, flows out slowly and evenly, with a very weak pulsation | Bright scarlet blood is ejected in a pulsating stream | The color of the blood is lighter than with venous bleeding, but darker than with arterial bleeding |
| The blood pressure is stronger in the lower part of the lesion | The patient's condition quickly deteriorates, the skin becomes pale, the pulse quickens | Blood oozes over the entire surface of the wound, but individual vessels are difficult to distinguish |
| In rare cases, signs of strong pulsation appear, which are directly related to pulse wave arteries | The patient's blood pressure drops sharply | Capillary bleeding is dangerous only if the patient has diseases that affect blood clotting. In all other cases it is not dangerous |
| The patient turns pale, has a rapid heartbeat and dizziness | Nausea, vomiting, darkening of the eyes, loss of consciousness occurs | |
| If large veins are damaged, they may become blocked with air bubbles, which can lead to death. | If assistance is not provided in a timely manner, the patient’s death occurs. | |
| If damaged superficial veins feet and hands, slight bleeding appears, stopping on its own after a few minutes. Without appropriate assistance, it may recur |
First aid for venous bleeding includes the following:
Damaged small superficial veins can thrombose on their own, leading to spontaneous bleeding arrest.
When deep veins are injured, the bleeding is more intense, and in a short period the patient may lose large number blood, so it is necessary to stop it as soon as possible.
Methods to stop venous bleeding primarily include. Then apply ice or a heating pad with cold water to the damaged area and take the patient to the doctor. Every half hour the cold needs to be removed for 10 minutes.
For bleeding in the area of the main saphenous veins of the shoulder or thigh, it is necessary to medical assistance, since blood stops flowing on its own in very rare cases. Diseases (leukemia, hemophilia, thrombocytopenia), alcohol intoxication or the use of blood thinning drugs (Aspirin, Cardiomagnyl) lead to increased blood loss.
