This disease, medically called telangiectasia, causes severe psychological discomfort, especially among the fair sex. But the problem is not only aesthetic. If the vessels are not treated, the venous networks will grow. And this is already fraught with serious disruptions to the functioning of the circulatory system. Treatment of the disease requires integrated approach. And it is highly advisable to start it at early stages. Therefore, it is very important to know the first symptoms of the disease.
To know why networks of vessels appear on the legs, you need to have an idea of how it functions circulatory system. All veins have special valves. After each contraction of the heart muscle, they open to allow circulating blood to pass through, and then slam shut, preventing it from returning. With telangiectasia, the blood vessels dilate and the valves stop functioning normally. As a result, blood stagnates in the veins.
If the process has affected the superficial “highways”, the appearance of a vascular network on the thighs and legs is recorded. If it touches larger veins, the legs become covered with rough bluish nodules, which will be much more difficult to remove.
Not all people know about the causes of telangiectasia, and this is bad - after all, the problem is easier to prevent than to solve. What causes vascular networks to appear on the legs?
All provoking factors are divided into two main types:
In the first case, little depends on the person. If a mother has a venous network on her thighs, there is a high probability that her daughter will also have one (by the way, the problem occurs in women almost 3 times more often than in men). Weak vessels, blood that is too viscous may have a genetic origin. As for the second group of reasons, knowing about them, you can try to prevent deviations.
Acquired factors causing the appearance venous network, include:
Women often notice the appearance of vascular networks on their legs during pregnancy. This is explained, first of all, by an increase in body weight and an increased load on the lower limbs. In addition, a woman’s hormonal background, which can also trigger telangiectasia. Whatever the cause of spider veins on the legs, it needs attention and treatment.
In order to recognize the disease in time and begin to fight it, it is important to know about its earliest signs. The appearance of spider veins is usually preceded by symptoms that most people do not associate with telangiectasia.
The most common signs of the onset of vascular deformation are:
And only over time a pinkish-purple “cobweb” appears on the skin. To avoid treatment for vascular network on the legs, which is not easy, you need to carefully listen to your body and respond adequately to the slightest alarm bells.
Pathologies associated with venous insufficiency are dealt with by a phlebologist. Getting to him is not a problem; there are such specialists in almost every hospital. Before treating venous networks on the legs, you must find out accurate diagnosis, determine the severity of telangiectasia and identify its causes.
As a rule, a phlebologist examines patients and then refers them to ultrasound and vascular Doppler. You will also have to donate blood biochemical analysis and to study its coagulability. Only after this can you begin to treat the venous network. Medicine offers two main paths: conservative and radical. Each of them has its pros and cons; the choice of treatment method depends on the indications.
Conservative treatment methods involve the use of various drugs for the venous network in the legs.
The following types of drugs are distinguished::
Some people believe that they can get rid of the problem using only ointments or creams, and are upset when all this does not help. In fact, removing venous networks is not an easy task and requires a comprehensive approach.
In some cases conservative treatment may be ineffective or not effective at all. If the venous network in the legs has grown very much or nodes have already appeared, you will most likely have to use more radical methods, including surgery. On the one hand, this is a serious intervention, and on the other hand, guarantees positive result more.
How to get rid of spider veins on the legs using radical methods?
Here are the main options:
Not recommended modern specialists turn to a method such as electrocoagulation. Removing venous networks on the legs using needles is fraught with serious complications, one of which is lifelong scars.
And one more piece of advice: whatever method is chosen (laser, sclerotherapy, phlebectomy or something else), you should get rid of the vascular network a month before the onset of the warm season, since direct sunlight after such procedures is contraindicated.
Treatment of venous network on the legs folk remedies perhaps as helper method, or if the disease is in an embryonic state.
Here are some effective methods:
Naturally, the use of folk remedies for venous networks on the legs will not give such a quick effect as, say, a laser. But patience and perseverance will definitely lead to positive results.
To avoid having to think about how to remove venous networks, you need to try to prevent their appearance. And if “cobwebs” have already appeared, do everything to slow down the development of telangiectasia. What exactly do experts recommend? What prevention of vascular networks on the legs is recommended?
Here are the basic rules:
So, the answer to the question of how to remove venous networks on the legs has been received. The main causes and symptoms of the disease have also been clarified. The prerequisites for the development of the disease do not always depend on the person, but in most cases it can be prevented. And most importantly in in this case- lead healthy image life.
If, however, telangiectasia could not be avoided, you need to think about how to remove the vascular network on the legs. There are many methods (laser, surgery, sclerotherapy, etc.), and each of them has its own characteristics. Choose the best way, taking into account all the factors, a competent phlebologist will help. You cannot undergo treatment without consulting a doctor. Especially when it comes to pregnant women or children.
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Talk about spider veins on the legs is not uncommon in modern society, especially since in recent years this disease has become significantly “younger”. For women, this is simply a disaster, since they like to wear short skirts and high-heeled shoes, and the venous network does not look attractive at all. But it turns out the problem is how to get rid of spider veins on your feet, completely solvable.
Before treating leg stars, it would be a good idea to determine what exactly causes the development of the disease. After all, very often while treating a disease, a person continues to make the same mistakes that provoke the progression of the pathology, and any therapy becomes futile. Therefore, if you need to get rid of capillaries on your legs, find out the reason for their appearance.
Factors provoking the disease are:
If you find 2 or more factors in yourself, causing the appearance on my feet spider veins, treatment should be started as early as possible, before the disease reaches a severe stage that is difficult to remove at home. To do this, you need to seek help from your attending physician, who will prescribe tests and give a referral to a specialist.
It is not difficult to detect spider veins on the legs. It is characterized by venous patterns that appear through the surface layers of the epidermis. However, long before the appearance of venous stars and capillaries protruding through the skin, a person experiences pain and heaviness in the legs. Often the legs become very swollen and there is a bursting feeling in them. If you discover such symptoms, rush to see a doctor, since spider veins can be removed without surgery only in the early stages of the disease.
How to get rid of spider veins on your legs? For this there are modern methods correction and therapy. These include laser correction, and deletion capillary mesh on the legs using electrical impulses, and mesotherapy, and cryodestruction. But the disadvantage of all these modern and advanced techniques is that it is impossible to use them to treat leg stars at home.
You can get rid of dilated capillaries, as well as venous mesh on the legs at home with the help of medications. You need to understand that treatment of capillaries on the legs is analogous to treatment varicose veins on initial stages. Therefore, if a problem is identified, the doctor will prescribe:
These drugs improve vascular tone, normalize the elasticity of vascular walls, and reduce their fragility and fragility. Taking appropriate medications helps reduce the permeability of capillary walls, prevents the appearance of edema and the formation of blood clots. Medicines are prescribed by the attending physician in the form of tablets, capsules, ointments and gels. It is worth noting that drug therapy, like treatment with folk remedies, is effective in the initial stages of the disease. If the problem becomes running form, surgery may be required.
For those patients whose disease is on early stage, it is possible to treat vascular networks on the legs with folk remedies. Decoctions, compresses, tinctures and much more are suitable for these purposes. Of course, you should not start self-medicating the disease without consulting your doctor, so as not to aggravate the condition of the veins and blood vessels in the legs.
To get rid of vascular networks on the legs, you need to take 100-120 grams fresh leaves medicinal plant Kalanchoe, rinse thoroughly and dry. Then chop them as finely as possible and put them in a glass container, for example, a half-liter jar. Separately, boil 350 grams of water and cool to room temperature. Pour water into a jar with crushed leaves, cover with a lid and place in a cool, dark place to let the product infuse for a week. From time to time the solution needs to be shaken, and after 7 days, strain the resulting infusion through several layers of clean gauze.
The infusion should be rubbed onto the affected areas, and the rubbing movements should be carried out from the feet to the knees, that is, from the bottom up. The duration of treatment is three months, provided that you need to rub the product on your legs with a venous network every day before going to bed. Usually the product helps cure venous manifestations on the legs in one course.
Aloe leaves can also be used to get rid of capillary network on the legs. However, for this recipe, the leaves of the plant must lie in the refrigerator for a couple of days; it is not recommended to use fresh leaves due to possible skin irritation.
There is no need to prepare the leaves for treatment in any way: just take the leaf, knead it in your hands and rub it into the areas damaged by the venous network. At first, the skin may itch and itch a little, but after a couple of days of using aloe, the capillary mesh on the legs will disappear. discomfort will pass.
You need to apply the pulp of aloe leaves to your feet according to the following scheme: firstly, this treatment must be used strictly every other day, and secondly, on the day of applying the product, it must be rubbed into the skin at least ten times at equal intervals. If you follow all the rules for using aloe, you can get rid of the venous network on your legs within a month.
Successful treatment of capillaries on the legs is possible with the help of ordinary parsley. You need to take a bunch of parsley, chop it and pour it into a glass hot water. Cover the glass with a lid and let the infusion cool. Remove the leaves and dilute the infusion with milk in a 1:1 ratio. Medicine ready.
Clean gauze is moistened in the resulting solution and applied to the places where the venous network appears on the legs. You need to keep the compress for about 30 minutes, and carry out such procedures for 1-2 months, daily, 2-3 times a day.
You can treat spider veins on your legs with cabbage leaves. To make the leaves soft, they need to be scalded with boiling water and then placed in the freezer for a day. After this, the product is ready for use. Now you need to rub your feet with apple cider vinegar and wrap cabbage leaves on top. Such procedures should be done daily at night, and the sheet should be thrown away in the morning. To ensure that the treatment lasts continuously, the leaves can be frozen in advance; if they lie in the refrigerator for three days rather than one, nothing bad will happen. The duration of such treatment is two months, but, as a rule, regular procedures allow you to remove dilated capillaries much faster.
By the way, apple cider vinegar for spider veins on the legs is used very often in various variations. For example, you can mix it with honey and rub this mixture into the affected areas overnight. It is better to wrap such compresses so as not to stain the bed.
This recipe will tell you how to get rid of stars on your legs using green tomatoes. It is in unripe tomato fruits that they contain medicinal acids, which help get rid of vascular networks on the legs. You need to take the fruit, cut it into rings 1 cm thick and place the circles on the legs affected by rosacea. After 10 minutes, remove the herbal medicine and apply cream to your feet. It is important not to abuse this remedy traditional medicine, and not exceed 10 days of the treatment course, especially since it helps to get rid of dilated veins in the legs already in the 5-6th session.
People who are involved in the prevention of vein diseases do not face the problem of how to treat spider veins on their legs. They engage in feasible sports, do not abuse physical activity, protect their legs from prolonged standing or walking, lead a healthy lifestyle, and watch their diet.
Since bad habits lead to poor circulation and, as a result, diseases vascular system, you need to exclude alcohol and smoking.
If you belong to a risk group, then limit your visits to the sauna and steam baths, replacing them with showering.
Solarium is also undesirable for varicose veins and any of its manifestations.
During pregnancy, when hormonal levels change, a woman should monitor her health and not gain too much weight. large mass bodies, don't eat for two. After the birth of a child, it is necessary to undergo routine medical examinations for diseases of organs that produce hormones.
For girls over 25 years old, the appearance of vascular networks on the legs is becoming an urgent problem. These ugly stars from the vessels spoil the appearance and are a symptom of a serious disease - varicose veins. How to protect yourself from developing the disease? How to give your legs their old look?
This indicates a violation of blood transport in the legs and requires a detailed study, so it is important to get rid of it as soon as possible. As a rule, this symptom will be the first in a series of manifestations of varicose veins.
The spider veins themselves are nothing more than stretched capillaries that have appeared under the skin, which have lost their strength and moved to an area of less tissue resistance. The appearance of even a fine mesh - warning sign, because large vessels experience problems, and there are prerequisites for circulatory disorders and stagnation. This can subsequently lead to inflammation and vein thrombosis.
Primary importance in the formation of vascular problems is given to heredity.
Excessive physical activity will also leave its mark - professional sports, dancing, weightlifting, etc. The sequence of stagnation of blood and its influx is a serious load on the vessels, which they may not be able to withstand.
Experts note a connection between the location of spider veins and pathology in the body:
The mesh can have different colors - all shades of blue and red, structure and appearance. Such manifestations can be located on the legs, face, etc.
Vascular network will usually be the first symptom of chronic venous insufficiency. The main reasons for which will be congenital weakness venous vessels, hormonal imbalance and wrong image life.
List all possible reasons The occurrence of varicose veins is not possible, but the main ones can be identified:
Initially, a consultation with a phlebologist is necessary, who prescribes a number of procedures for the prevention and treatment of varicose veins: medicines to strengthen the walls of veins, as well as surgical cosmetic correction of defects - removal of mesh from blood vessels.
Before starting cosmetic treatment of small vessels, it is necessary to stop pathological process large vessels, deeper veins, not visually noticeable.
Even if one vein is damaged, others will quickly become involved in the process. Accordingly, treat only external manifestations dangerous - the disease will return with renewed vigor.
That's why good clinics They work with this problem in tandem of doctors - a phlebologist (stops the pathological process in the deep veins and prevents complications of varicose veins) and a cosmetologist (does everything cosmetic procedures– removes the vascular network). But still, large defects, more than 5 cm in diameter, can only be eliminated by phlebologists, because cosmetology turns out to be ineffective.
Only after a thorough analysis of the patient’s condition, doctors can prescribe invasive treatment methods and try to at least “freeze” the current condition, preventing it from worsening. Most often, special ointments are prescribed, supplemented by tablet therapy, which strengthens the walls of blood vessels.
Among the methods of compensated therapy, wearing specialized underwear (socks, stockings) is prescribed. Recommended and physical therapy And lymphatic drainage massage.
The choice of invasive treatment method, i.e. implying an invasion of the body will directly depend on the size of the problem. Removing the mesh using microthermocoagulation is only possible if the defect size is less than 0.2 cm. The method involves the use of a special electrode with gold or Teflon coating. The capillaries are simply sealed using a thin electrode. There are no side effects, since the treatment takes place without using medical supplies.
Only a phlebologist can prescribe invasive treatment methods. You can remove vascular mesh more than 0.2 cm in diameter using microsclerotherapy - using a thin needle, a solution is injected into the vascular mesh to promote gluing of the capillary lumen. First, a consultation with a phlebologist is necessary.
Laser coagulation is a more modern treatment method that has proven itself well.
The surgical field is exposed to a laser of a certain wavelength; it does not damage the skin, but acts on the blood and heats it, as a result the vessel is “sealed” from the inside along its entire length. Treatment is a course and lasts from 3 to 6 months. As a rule, one procedure is performed per month, after which the skin is rehabilitated.
If the defects are pronounced, it is necessary to consult a surgeon and decide on sclerotherapy, a treatment method used for initial and uncomplicated cases of varicose veins.
Having studied so much current problem, experts have identified several basic rules:
It is worth remembering that the occurrence of spider veins is not easy. cosmetic defect, this is the first sign of a serious illness that requires treatment and a full examination.
What to do if spider veins appear on your legs? Why can't you sit cross-legged? How to change your diet to avoid problems with blood vessels? Associate Professor of the Department general surgery First Moscow State Medical University named after. I.M.Sechenova, phlebologist surgeon Igor Tsarenko will talk about diagnostics, modern treatment and prevention of varicose veins.
Most often, women aged 30 to 40 years turn to specialists in the treatment and prevention of vein diseases: it is during this period that the vascular network becomes a pronounced cosmetic defect. However, the ill-fated “stars” appear much earlier - at 20-30 years. In addition to women with a hereditary predisposition, there is also a certain risk group.
Those who spend the whole working day standing are more susceptible to venous changes than others. Employees of beauty salons and shops - be on the lookout!
For those who need to stand on their feet for duty, doctors recommend stretching their feet at any opportunity, transferring body weight from heel to toe and back. You can also walk up and down a few steps. This warm-up has a positive effect on vascular function and blood flow in the lower extremities. And flight attendants do several exercises every 1.5 - 2 hours to improve blood circulation.
The appearance of spider veins on the legs is the first manifestation of chronic venous insufficiency. Main reasons: congenital weakness of the venous network, hormonal imbalance And unhealthy image life.
Smoking, overweight and excessive sunbathing can provoke changes in the functioning of blood vessels. Thin capillaries burst, forming an unsightly mesh under the skin.
It's difficult to give up bad habits. Try cutting down on cigarettes. Watch your weight. Morning jogging they kill two birds with one stone: the blood vessels in the legs are strengthened, and the desire to smoke a cigarette is noticeably reduced. During the hot season, try to be in the sun only in the morning and evening hours.
It has been noticed that after pregnancy and taking hormonal contraceptives a venous network may appear.
The fact is that during pregnancy the expanding fetus compresses important vessels. And contraceptive drugs can change hormonal levels, negatively affecting the condition of blood vessels.
Before taking any contraception It is extremely important to consult a gynecologist. And those who are going to become a mother should visit a phlebologist and choose special knitwear for pregnancy and childbirth.
The location of the burst vessels indicates one or another change in the body:
If you find spider veins or vascular networks in yourself, you need to contact a specialist - a phlebologist.
Today there are invasive and conservative technique removal of varicose veins.
Be careful: invasive methods are contraindicated during pregnancy and lactation. In addition, the doctor always pays attention to psychological state, allergies and general condition vessels in the patient.
Sometimes specialists, taking into account the patient’s health condition, avoid invasive methods and place emphasis on maintaining the existing situation and preventing the progression of venous defects.
Do you want to be proud of healthy and beautiful legs without signs for as long as possible? venous complications? Then follow our advice:
“The most important thing is not to hide the venous network under a tan. Corrective creams, auto-bronzants, creams with a shimmering effect - the choice is really large,” says the phlebologist surgeon. “They can disguise the venous network on the legs. But, alas, from varicose veins, as well as from edema And painful sensations Cosmetics don't help. At least at night, use special foot creams, and before the onset of the summer season, take a course of venotonics recommended by your doctor."
Discussion
Lyoton is always in my makeup bag. I use it for various purposes, for swelling of the legs, for fatigue. If used regularly, the effect is very noticeable. It is also an excellent prevention at the early stages of varicose veins. Thanks to the gel, varicose veins do not progress.
During pregnancy, spider veins also began to appear on my legs. And after giving birth, I was looking for ways to get rid of them. I tried everything, and then I accidentally found out about Thrombocid gel. After just a few days of use, my legs became more healthy looking. I will continue to use this gel. I like the result!
I am 27 years old. After two births I noticed networks of blood vessels on my legs. They are small and not very noticeable, but have already appeared in many places. Will a special one help? compression hosiery from further appearance of mesh? Is it worth using special ointments like Venoton or Lyoton? Thanks
03/14/2016 19:25:00, Yulia BorisovaInteresting article. My stars also started appearing at breakneck speed after my second birth, my legs were swelling and hurting. Detralex came to my aid, I take it for prevention and have already forgotten what swelling and twisting pains are, except for it, nothing helped, no ointment, no bath.
Is it possible to cure varicose veins? now it can only be supported so that the disease progresses the worst side there wasn't. I also have varicose veins, I periodically take courses of Venolgon capsules, there is no pain or swelling now, worse condition the veins are gone. But the capillary mesh became almost invisible.
I have in recent months During pregnancy and after childbirth, spider veins and spider veins began to appear, and some kind of heaviness in my legs increased at the end of the day. To avoid the beginning of varicose veins, I began treatment. Just like Milania8, she was treated with Detralex tablets + lymphatic drainage massage of the legs. As a result, everything returned to normal, some stars disappeared completely, and the mesh became more invisible than before treatment. It seems to me that in such a case, you need to take measures immediately, start treatment at the stage early symptoms diseases and thereby prevent serious illnesses legs
I was offered microsclerotherapy, but I refused for now, the insertion of needles and other things scares me. I go to acupuncture as if it’s torture, although in theory it doesn’t hurt at all, there’s a slight burning sensation and distension. The only thing I have taken from the mesh so far, as treated, is Detralex, it is in the form of tablets, taken orally, not an ointment or a cream, it helps to avoid surgical interventions for now.
Comment on the article "How to get rid of spider veins on the legs?"
Varicose veins I went to the phlebologist. My legs didn’t bother me, they didn’t swell, they didn’t hurt... since the summer/autumn I started noticing a vein on right leg- that is, no... I got to the doctor Duplex ultrasound scanning veins of the lower extremities - he says it is necessary to operate. Take my conclusion and...
Discussion
It’s unlikely that anyone will say which method is better. The doctor told my husband to have surgery a long time ago, but we haven’t done it yet. Once a year he consults a doctor, undergoes an ultrasound, takes venotonics twice a year, and does prophylaxis, ointments, light massage. The veins haven’t gone away, but at least they don’t grow any further.
A year ago I had sclerotherapy with stars + 2 superficial veins. The doctor claimed that he is one of the rare specialists in Moscow who does sclerotherapy instead of vein surgery. If you want, write to email in the signature, I’ll give you the doctor’s name, look on the Internet. I have a mild degree.
04/29/2016 17:40:27, X-yVascular networks, or telangiectasia, are formed due to expansion blood vessels, close to the surface of the skin. Depending on the type of affected vessels, the color of the mesh can be red or pink (capillaries and arterioles) or blue (venules). Often, although not always, this “pattern” is a symptom. With varicose veins, the veins dilate and the valves that prevent the reverse flow of blood cease to perform their functions. Stagnation of blood in the superficial veins causes the appearance of a vascular pattern. Sometimes spider veins appear on the legs after frostbite on the skin or after prolonged exposure to the sun.
It should be noted that spider veins are not just a cosmetic defect. They often talk about serious circulatory disorders in the extremities, which, in the absence of timely treatment may pose complications. Most often, vascular mesh appears in women 30-40 years old, but in lately she began to bother even the youngest representatives of the fair sex. There are several reasons for this.
All causes of the appearance of vascular networks on the legs can be divided into congenital and acquired. It is known that very often varicose veins are inherited, so if your relatives suffer from this disease, you are automatically at risk.
Acquired causes include:
Due to the above reasons pathological changes in subcutaneous vessels lead to their expansion and loss of tone in the vascular walls. As a result, swelling, stagnation of blood in the lower extremities and other unpleasant symptoms, including vascular networks, clearly visible on the skin of the legs.
IMPORTANT TO KNOW
A product for cleaning blood vessels and reducing blood pressure, which is recommended by doctors
It is quite easy to detect signs of the disease. The appearance of a characteristic pattern on the legs is accompanied by a feeling of heaviness, periodic acute or aching pain in the calf area, swelling. My legs get tired quickly.
If the disease is not treated in time, the disease will develop to serious complications, blood clots may occur, trophic ulcers, chronic.
There is also a risk of thromboembolism of the pulmonary artery, which can lead to fatal. Therefore, if initial signs of the disease are detected, it is necessary to immediately consult a doctor and begin treatment. Diagnosis is carried out by ultrasonic method research and general analysis blood.
Comfortable shoes The first thing you need to do to stop the development of spider veins on your legs is to change your shoes to more comfortable ones. It is also necessary to get rid of the habit of crossing one leg over the other and staying in a standing or sitting position for a long time without moving. If your work involves long static loads on your legs, you need to take a rest every hour to an hour and a half, go for a walk, do simple physical exercise, follow a certain diet. Products should contain sufficient amounts of fiber, protein and vitamins. Smoked, fatty, fried and sweet foods should be avoided.
At initial signs diseases, periodic rest with legs elevated above the level of the heart, wearing compression garments, exercises that strengthen the muscular-venous system are recommended, contrast shower. Bicycle leg rotations performed while lying on your back are very useful. circular movements feet, rolling from heel to toe in a standing position.
Depending on the degree of development of the disease and the individual characteristics of the patient, treatment methods for vascular networks on the legs may differ significantly. Only a phlebologist can give qualified recommendations on how to remove vascular tissue on the legs.
If the disease is detected on initial stage, it is enough to limit ourselves to conservative and traditional methods of treatment. If the veins are noticeably dilated, the doctor may prescribe one of effective methods interventions using modern technologies.
Medical centers offer the following modern methods of treating spider veins on the legs:
Microsclerotherapy All these procedures are carried out only as prescribed by a phlebologist. They cannot be used during pregnancy and lactation.
Depending on the symptoms and condition of the patient, the doctor may suggest measures that can prevent further development diseases. These are primarily ointments and tablets that strengthen the walls of blood vessels and stimulate blood flow. Special compression garments help improve blood flow, relieve swelling, and prevent venous stasis and stretching of the walls of blood vessels. The best sports activities are swimming, running, and cycling.
Many people prefer drug intervention in the body traditional methods, how to get rid of vascular networks on the legs, which, with regular use, can achieve good results. The most popular treatment is by the following means:
Aloe Foot baths with the addition of decoctions of birch leaves, burdock or nettle are also useful.
Violation of vascular function can lead to serious health problems, so any manifestations of this disease cannot be ignored.
If mesh appears on the legs, treatment should follow immediately. This will save you from further complications And surgical intervention. Traditional methods significantly alleviate the course of the disease, but only a specialist can correctly determine its cause and select individual therapy depending on the symptoms.
