I option
1.The policy includes:
1) contacts between companies
3) conference of political scientists
4) theater tours abroad
2. The demands of political power extend to:
1) for all people living in the state
2) only for citizens of the state
3) only for adult citizens
4) only for members of the government and parliament
3. What refers to the actions of political power?
1) organization of a folk music festival
H) decision on the country’s participation in an international peacekeeping action
4) conclusion of an agreement between employees and the administration of the enterprise
4.The legislative power of the Russian Federation belongs to:
1) prosecutor's office
2) To the government
3) To the President
4) parliament
5. The characteristics of any state include:
1) rule of law
2) the presence of parliament
3) unitary state
4) presence of public authority
6. A political party, as opposed to a state,
1) develops a political course
2) has a charter
3) expresses the interests of socially vulnerable segments of the population
4) has the right to make laws
7. The concept of “faction”, “Duma committee” refers to the activities
2) executive authorities
3) the institution of the presidency
4) judicial authorities
8. Are the following judgments about morality true?
A) Moral standards are fixed in the laws and regulations of the state.
B) Self-control of a person is the basis for the moral regulation of his behavior.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
9. Establish a correspondence between the concept and the branch of law: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second.
Concepts Branches of law
4) human life, his rights and freedoms
13. For human rights to become a reality, each of us must:
1) trust the government
2) fight criminals
3) fight against exploitation
4) respect the rights and freedoms of other people
14. The organization of an annual folk art festival is a manifestation of the sphere of social life:
1) environmental
2) political
3) social
4)spiritual
15. Regulation human relations from the point of view of good and evil - the task
3) art
1) “Political ___________ allows, if necessary, to force large masses of people to carry out certain tasks and decisions.”
2) “To be a citizen means to enjoy certain rights and bear the necessary __________________ in relation to your state.”
3) “Parties that disagree with the policies pursued by the ruling party, DIV_ADBLOCK23">
10. The Constitution is called the fundamental law because
1) the president takes his oath on it
2) has the highest legal force
3) adopted by referendum
4) is a symbol of democracy
11. According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the main source of power in our country is:
1) Constitutional Court
2) President of the Russian Federation
3) people of the Russian Federation
4) Federal Assembly
12. Compliance with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights ensures:
1) protection of civilians during hostilities
2) rendering medical care prisoners
3) protection of a person’s honor and dignity
13. Freedom consists in the right of a person to do what
1) does not harm another person
2) contributes to the development of his business
3) limits the arbitrariness of its authorities
4) ensures its safety
14. What sphere of social life do religion, art and science represent?
1) environmental
2) political
3) social
4) spiritual
15. The rules “Don’t steal”, “Don’t lie”, “Honor your elders” are the norms:
1) art
16. Which word is missing in the following phrases?
1) “Ruling persons or groups rely on the power of _____________ and, if necessary, use the court, police, army.”
2) “Citizenship is a stable political legal connection of a person with ________________.”
3) “A political regime in which there is a government of the people, chosen by the people and for the people, is called ___________________.”
4) "Appearing in public places drunk is
Offense."
5) “A child is a person under ________ years of age.”
17. Which form of territorial government structure is not named in the diagram?
________________ state |
Federal State |
18. Name any five signs of a totalitarian state.
Examples.
Which of the following refers to the actions of political power?
1) organization of a folk music festival
2) meeting of members of the joint stock company
3) signing of the bill by the president of the country
4) conclusion of an agreement between the company and the workforce
The demands of political power apply exclusively to
1) people living in the state
2) the country’s relations with foreign countries
3) citizens of this state
4) legislative and executive powers
Political power is power
1) father in the family
2) a leader among teenagers
3) school director
4) monarch
CONTENT
PREFACE 5
POLICY. LAW 6
Brief description of the sections of Codifier 6
Policy 6
Right 6
Tasks of the sections “Politics” and “Law” in the structure of the examination paper 7
Preparing for the exam: what to pay attention to 11
What to use when preparing for exam 16
EXAM PREPARATION TASKS 18
Content line “Politics” 18
The concept of power. The state and its functions. Organs state power RF 18
Political system. Typology of political regimes. Democracy, its basic values and characteristics 29
Civil society and the rule of law. Political elite. Political parties and movements. Mass media in the political system 40
Election campaign in the Russian Federation. Political participation. Political process. Political Leadership 50
Content line “Law” 65
Law in the system of social norms. System of Russian law. Concept and types of legal liability. Constitution of the Russian Federation. Fundamentals of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation 65
Legislation of the Russian Federation on elections. Legislative process in the Russian Federation. Citizenship of the Russian Federation. Subjects of civil law. Organizational and legal forms and legal regime of entrepreneurial activity. Property and non-property rights 75
Hiring procedure. Procedure for conclusion and termination employment contract. Legal regulation of relations between spouses. The procedure and conditions for concluding and dissolving a marriage. Features of administrative jurisdiction 87
Military duty, alternative civilian service. Rights and obligations of the taxpayer. International law(international protection of human rights in peacetime and wartime). Right to favorable environment and ways to protect it 98
Disputes, the procedure for their consideration. Basic rules and principles civil process. Features of the criminal process. Law enforcement agencies. Judicial system 109
ANSWERS 126
Content line “Politics” 126
Content line “Law” 141.
Free download e-book at convenient format, watch and read:
- fileskachat.com, fast and free download.
Download pdf
You can buy this book below best price at a discount with delivery throughout Russia. Buy this book
Download the Unified State Exam book, Workshop on Social Science, Politics, Law, Preparation for tasks A, B, C, Korolkova E.S., 2013 - pdf - depositfiles.
Download the Unified State Exam book, Workshop on Social Science, Politics, Law, Preparation for tasks A, B, C, Korolkova E.S., 2013 - pdf - Yandex.Disk.
This topic gives an idea of the political life of society. We hear the word “political” every day: political organization, political information, etc. Newspapers, radio, television talk about politics, political news. The word "apolitical" means "relating to politics, to the implementation of politics."
What is politics? This word is of Greek origin, and it meant the art of government, state affairs. And in our time, the word “politicians” has become broader in meaning. In previous course topics (grade 8), it was noted that society has a complex structure. Between different social classes, large groups of people occupying a certain position in society, various relationships develop between nations and states. Politics is the name given to activities related to relations between large social groups, social strata, and nations. But you already know what this relationship covers various areas, for example economics. Thus, economic relations take place between the feudal lord who owns the land and the landless peasant dependent on him. And if relations between social groups concern power, the state, if the power of the state is used to maintain or, on the contrary, to change these relations, then there are relations in the sphere of politics. This means that politics is participation in the affairs of the state (determining the form of the state, tasks, content of its activities); these are goals and means of achieving them, which are aimed at pursuing the interests of large groups of people. (You will get acquainted with the material about the state in the next paragraph.)
In different social groups, in accordance with their position, different attitudes towards the state and government arise. Some of them support the government, others are in opposition to it. (Remember the relationship between the various social groups Russian society to the government during the events of 1905) Different interests give rise to a struggle between them for power and influence on state affairs. All this is the sphere of politics.
Political power. When we talk about power in general, we understand it this way: someone exercises power, that is, rules, controls, gives orders, and someone obeys, carries out these orders. We encounter such relationships in life all the time: for example, between an officer and a soldier, a traffic police inspector and a car driver, a teacher and a student. Power in these cases is not unlimited; it is limited to strictly defined functions of an officer, inspector, teacher. But within the framework of these functions, each of the named employees has the right to give orders, instructions, make demands, and the soldier, or driver, or student is obliged to obey these demands. When necessary, those in power can apply sanctions (punish those who do not follow orders, or perhaps reward them for faithfully following them).
Political power extends to the entire society, its orders, directives (guidelines), requirements apply not to individuals, but to large social groups, to everyone living within the borders of a given state. In turn, all those to whom the demands of power apply are obliged to fulfill them; those individuals (monarchs, presidents, heads of government, governors, etc.) or groups that rule (any classes, estates, “nobility,” organizations, etc.) have the opportunity to rely on the power of the state and, if necessary, force them to submit to their will, using the court, police, army. Of course, it is better if the rulers have authority and the population readily submits to their demands.
What did the Russian philosopher I. A. Ilyin (1883-1954) write about the power of power:
“The strength of power is, first of all, its spiritual and state authority, its respect, its recognized dignity, its ability to impress citizens. Setting yourself an impossible task does not mean showing strength; wasting your authority does not mean being strong. The power of power is not manifested in shouting, not in fuss, not in pretentiousness, not in boasting and not in terror. The true power of power lies in its ability to call without threat and to meet the right response among the people...”
Political power plays a big role in any modern society. The tasks it performs affect various areas of social relations. It is political power that governs society as a whole. It determines the main directions of the country's development, develops and makes decisions aimed at eliminating pressing problems.
The authorities carry out day-to-day management the most important processes happening in society. The tasks performed by the authorities include maintaining stability and preventing social upheavals that pose a threat to the lives and well-being of citizens.
In his Address to the Federal Assembly on November 2008, the President of the Russian Federation D. L. Medvedev took revenge: “We strive for a fair society of free people. We know that Russia will be a prosperous, democratic country. Strong and at the same time comfortable for life. The best in the world for the most talented, demanding, independent and critical citizens.
So, power - essential element public organization. It allows, if necessary, to force large masses of people to carry out certain tasks and decisions. Therefore, in society there is a struggle for power and its use to carry out this or that policy.
The role of politics in the life of society. Politics plays a big role in the development of society. Much depends on what policy the state or government pursues: whether the living conditions of various social groups, their well-being will be better or worse, whether cultural achievements will become available to them, whether the degree of their freedom will increase or whether it will be eliminated altogether.
There have been many governments in history whose policies served the interests of the few and infringed on the rights of the majority of people. A truly democratic state is called upon to take care of all social groups and take into account the interests of all nations and nationalities. However, the methods, order, and pace of solving the problems facing society may be different. Therefore, political disputes and discussions arise: which social groups need priority assistance? What economic policy provides the fastest improvement in people's lives? How to take into account the interests of some nationalities without infringing on the interests of others? How to ensure the external security of the country?
The solution to these and many other issues in politics determines whether people will live worse or better in the future. Therefore, disputes on various political issues, political struggle occupy a prominent place in the life of society and are reflected on the pages of newspapers, television screens, at rallies and meetings. Ultimately, supporters of various political decisions, various political organizations strive for the state to pursue policies that meet their interests. Why? Because the state controls enormous monetary and material resources, issues laws that are binding on all citizens, and has the power to stop violations of the law.
In one study of the public opinion of Russians on issues of politics and government, it was found that 66% share the following point of view: “Our country needs not so much laws and political programs as strong, energetic leaders in whom the people would trust.” 53% supported this opinion:
“The President must become the absolute master of the country. Only then will we break through.” 51% of respondents agreed with the statement: “In Russia, people need to be afraid of the authorities. Otherwise they won’t respect her.” 49% are inclined to the following formulation: “I don’t care what methods a politician uses if his activities are for the benefit of the people.”
How do you feel about such opinions?
These days main question political life of Russia - the question of the ways and rates of renewal of all spheres of life: society, the sequence of transformation. Members of various parties and other political organizations are actively involved in political activities. They hold meetings and conferences to discuss their goals and objectives. which, in our opinion, would most fully reflect the interests of various social groups and the entire people, to determine ways to influence state policy, to resolve the issue of participation in the work of government bodies. Party members organize rallies and other public events; distribute printed publications to explain their goals; nominate candidates for deputies of various government bodies and campaign for them, trying to gain support as possible more people; express their attitude towards the state and government; collect signatures for appeals to government bodies,
In the process of this activity, all sorts of forms of interaction between social groups, political parties, the state, and individual groups arise, associated with the struggle for power, with the development, adoption and implementation of decisions by state power. This interaction reveals the political life of society.
Political life and the media. In modern society, political life largely depends on the means of communication between all its participants, i.e. means used to disseminate messages about ongoing events, to notify about political and other socially significant actions,
statements and decisions. Such means are newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and the Internet. This social institutions, ensuring the collection, processing and mass dissemination of information. The very name “mass media” (mass media) indicates that the messages they transmit are addressed to an unlimited circle of individuals, social groups, and organizations. Since a significant part of the population uses socio-political information disseminated by the media, especially through television, it influences the political life of society.
Facts. A study conducted in Russia in 2004 showed that news releases and information and analytical programs on political topics on TV are watched regularly (every day) by 31% of respondents, sometimes (several times a week) by 32%, quite rarely (from case by case) - 23%, practically do not watch - 11%.
Thanks to the media, citizens of the country have an idea about the work of government bodies, the activities of political organizations, and the problems existing in society. Under their influence, a feeling of involvement in current events arises; many are involved in one form or another of political activity. IN various materials The media reflects public interests.
Technological progress has made it possible not only to quickly inform about what happened, but also to make people “eyewitnesses” of events occurring far from them. A message about an event, complemented by an image on a television screen, often leaves a strong impression on the viewer-listener. At the same time, it should be remembered that when transmitting information, a selection of material is carried out: the one who transmits the information decides what to report and what to keep silent about, what to show and what not to include in the program. Information may become incomplete and one-sided. The message is often accompanied by comments that reflect the position of its author. All this makes it possible to influence in one direction or another the views of people, their attitude towards various phenomena of political life. In turn, people's views and moods influence their political behavior. In the second half of the last century, the influence of the media on political life increased so much that the media began to be called the “fourth estate.”
The media influences more than just attitudes and behavior large masses people, but also on power. They are able to raise serious issues of public life, discuss current political problems from the positions of certain social groups, and they can express various judgments about the activities of politicians. All this can influence the decisions of the authorities and the way these decisions are implemented.
Test yourself
In the classroom and at home
“Women Politicians” - Students. Research data. Legal documents. Girls. The position of women in society. Francois Marie Charles Fourier. Women. The role of women in modern society. Khakamada. Diagram of women politicians. Chairman of the Council of Deputies. Expediency. Youth in politics. Policy. Parents. Percent. Political life of modern society.
"Political power" - Power is influence based on law or tradition. Society as a whole. Power struggle. Can society exist without power? Can the average citizen understand politics? Political parties. Subjects and objects of politics. National relations. Pyramid of power. Foreign policy. How is political power different from other types of power?
“Political freedom” - Russian folk wisdom “Our system should work better.” Dynamics of the index of political freedoms in the world and in Russia. Is Russia a member of the G8? Federalism/centralization and economic growth. In the long term, “weak” (“legitimate”) turns out to be more effective than the so-called. “strong” (“decisive”) political system.
"Policy Test" - Compliance. The concept of "power". A word missing from the diagram. Appeal to all citizens of the country. Programs of their activities. Persistent distrust of authorities. Which of the following is related to the concept of “power”. External function states. Educational institution. Judgments about opposition political parties.
"Political Life" - Revolutionary. The role of politics in the life of society. Politics and political life. Political organizations. Conservative. Political movements. Great variety. Introduction to social studies. Liberal. Parties. Policy. Personality and politics.
“Politics as an activity” - Functions (roles) of politics. Policy. Policy goals. Politics is the desire to participate in power and influence the distribution of power. Personal participation in politics. Political elite. Types of policies. Types of political actions. Policy of national reconciliation. Politics is the ability to achieve balance.
There are a total of 25 presentations in the topic
Political power and the media.
-Media(mass media) – these are newspapers, magazines, radio, television, the Internet.
-The media provide the collection, processing and mass dissemination of information.
State
Reasons for the emergence of the state
Each member of society occupies a certain social position in it. At the same time, all of us living in our country, regardless of social status and nationality, are citizens of our state. What is a state and what does it mean to be a citizen of your country? This is what we will talk about today.
Guys, what reasons can you name for the emergence of the state?
1. Theological - the state is the result of the divine creation of the world.
2. Patriarchal - G. comes from the family, this is the result of the growth of the family.
3. The contractual state arose as an association of people on a voluntary basis.
4.the theory of violence - state arose as a result of the conquest of one part of society by another
5. Psychological - people have a need to rule, while others are only able to obey.
6. Racial - people are divided into higher and lower races. The former are called upon to dominate.
7. The materialistic state is replacing the tribal organization, there are
The concept of state was first introduced by N. Macchiaveli. It signified fundamental changes in the economic sphere. The property stratification of society is increasing, and the political state of society is increasing.
The state is the main political institution of society. managing it and protecting its socio-economic structure.
Main features and functions of the state
1 Power (control bodies and suppression bodies)
2 Law (right)
3 Territory (with population)
4 Sovereignty (external - independence, internal - supremacy of power)
Each state performs the main functions (tasks of the state):
External Internal
1 Defense 1 Law enforcement
2 Diplomacy 2 Economic organization
State form
All states existing in the world differ from each other according to certain characteristics.
Characteristics of the state (form of state):
· Government system Form of government Political regime
Form of government
The form of government is the organization of the highest bodies of the state and the procedure for their formation
Monarchy is a form of government in which supreme power is concentrated in the hands of a single ruler and is inherited.
· Limited (constitutional)
Unlimited (absolute)
· Theocratic (secular and spiritual power in one person)
A republic is a form of government in which the highest authorities are elected.
· Presidential Mixed Parliamentary
Presidential
· The president (head of state) is elected by the population.
· The head of government is the president.
· The government is responsible to the president.
Parliamentary
· The president (head of state) is elected and controlled by parliament
· Head of government - prime minister (key role in governance)
· The government is formed by parliament
Mixed
· The President (head of state) is elected by the population
· Head of government prime minister
· The government is appointed by the president
· The government is responsible to parliament
State structure
State structure is the territorial and political organization of the state and the relationship between the state and its parts.
· Federal (federation) USA, Russia, India, Canada
· Confederate (Confederation) CIS, USA until 1787, Germany until 1866
· Unitary Finland, France, Japan, Italy, Great Britain
A federation is a form of government in which territorial units have independence.
A confederation is a union of states.
A unitary state is a form of government in which territorial units do not have political independence.
Citizenship
People living in a state are citizens of that state.
"Political regimes"
A political regime is the ways and means by which the state influences society, exercising its power.
A political regime is how state power is exercised in a country.
 |
| Questions | Types of political regimes | ||
| totalitarianism | authoritarianism | democracy | |
| Who rules? | ruling party led by leader | the power of one group, one party, its leader is the national leader | people, elected representatives |
| What is the relationship between government and society? | power completely uncontrolled by society | the rights and freedoms of citizens may be declared, but in practice they are constantly violated; freedom is preserved economic activity, people's privacy autonomy | power is controlled by society |
| What means are used to exercise power? | punitive system, mass terror, setting major goals | army, church, traditions are maintained | elections, referendums |
| Examples of countries. | Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, USSR, North Korea | states of Asia, Africa, Latin America | Russian Federation, Greece, Spain, Portugal, some countries in Asia and Africa, Latin America. |
| Branch of government | Compound | Basic functions |
| Legislative ( Representative- elected by all the people and protects their interests) | Parliament- Federal Assembly 2 chambers: - Federation Council - Mr. Thought | Concern for the creation of legal laws that recognize, guarantee and protect human rights |
| Executive (appointed) | Government | Obliged to act on the basis of laws adopted by the representative government and rely on them when making government decisions |
| Judicial (autonomous and independent) | Constitutional Court, Supreme Court RF (including Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation), Courts of General Jurisdiction | Its exclusive powers are to protect the right through the administration of justice (consideration of civil, criminal, administrative and other cases in court hearings on the basis of strict compliance with the Constitution and laws) |
* President– head of state (popularly elected)
the main task of separation of powers- exclude the monopolization of power, i.e. the seizure, concentration of it in one hand - any person or organization, party, parliament or government.
Signs of a legal state
· Rule of law(No state body, no official, no group of persons, no state and public organizations, no person is exempt from the obligation to obey the law) Inviolability of human rights and freedoms(human rights are the main natural limiter of state power)
· Separation of powers(legislative, executive and judicial, which helps limit government power)
Political participation
Political participation should be recognized as the most important participation of citizens in the life of the state. It refers to actions taken by citizens and intended to influence public policy or the choice of political leaders at any level of political power.
Election is the procedure for electing someone by voting.
Social scientists have given a clear name for the passive position of citizens: absenteeism.
Absenteeism is the evasion of citizens from participating in elections.
Political party is an organized group of like-minded people, expressing the interests of certain social strata, whose activities are aimed at gaining political power or participating in its implementation.
Signs of PP:
1) a fairly long-term association of people (clientellas, factions, cliques arise and disappear along with their inspirers and organizers);
2) organizational structure at the center and the presence of stable local organizations that maintain regular communications with national leadership;
3) the goal is the conquest and exercise of power;
5) the presence of a program in which the goals and strategy of the party are formulated;
Political party - is a voluntary union of ideologically and organizationally interconnected citizens striving to achieve common goals through the struggle for power and its subsequent implementation and expressing the interests of a certain part of the population.
There are four criteria , by which a political party is determined and distinguished from other participants in the political process.
The main goal of a political party is to gain power.
Longevity of the organization's activities. As a rule, a political party is created to implement long-term programs, and not to conduct one-time campaigns.
The presence of a widely ramified party structure, which includes not only central governing bodies, but also a wide network of local organizations.
Constantly seeking support from the people, striving to expand one’s social base.
Structurally, political parties include three components :
1) a system of governing bodies that unites political leaders and activists, party representatives in government agencies, etc.;
2) the official party organization, consisting of the party apparatus (party bureaucracy) and ordinary party members;
3) party supporters who identify themselves with it and systematically support it in elections.
.It is necessary to highlight the functions of a political party.
The struggle for power and its subsequent use.
Developing party ideology, conducting propaganda and forming public opinion.
Integration and activation of the population, its political education.
Training and promotion of personnel for the party and government structures in which they will represent the interests of the party.
by organizational basis , dividing them into personnel and mass.
Personnel parties: not numerous in composition; all members are active and very influential in politics, they are parliamentarians, hold government positions, and have great connections with industrialists and financiers. They achieve success in elections due to the vast number of their supporters, which can be tens or even hundreds of times greater than the number of party members.
Mass parties characterized by their abundance. They arose in the wake of the labor movement in connection with the spread of universal suffrage. Distinguished by their high ideologization, mass parties strive to constantly expand their ranks at the expense of representatives of the lower strata of the population. As a rule, these are parties of communist, socialist and social democratic orientation.
By internal organization .
1) with fixed membership; 2) with free membership.
The first group consists of parties whose members receive party tickets, pay dues, and carry out tasks of the party organization. It should be borne in mind that party membership can be direct or indirect. Direct membership implies individual reception into the ranks of the party organization. Indirect allows for the collective participation of members of any public organization in the work of party bodies. An example is the collective membership of trade unions in Great Britain, Sweden and Norway in the workers' parties of these countries (Labour in the UK and social democrats in the Scandinavian countries).
