06/13/2017 by Evgeniy
To accurately diagnose a disease in a pet, dog or cat owners must bring their animals to a veterinary clinic to undergo the necessary tests. After receiving the results, the attending physician will determine whether enzymes in the blood are elevated or decreased in order to prescribe an effective and complex treatment. It is enzymes, one of which is alkaline phosphatase, indicates the development of various diseases. Further in the article we will analyze what disease is indicated by increased alkaline phosphatase in a dog, the reasons for the development of pathology, and also why this enzyme increases.
Alkaline phosphatase is one of the most important enzymes that is required for the hydrolysis process esters in an alkaline environment. In the dog’s body, this enzyme is observed in all organs and tissues, but most of all alkaline phosphatase is found in:
With the development of a pathological process in the animal’s body, the level of permeability of cell membranes greatly increases, which leads to their destruction. As a result, excess alkaline enzyme penetrates into the blood, and the result of a biochemical analysis helps to find out about this.
The treating veterinarian will be able to tell you what an increased reading means, and he will sometimes advise you to take additional tests in order to diagnose accurate diagnosis, for example, x-ray or ultrasound examination.
Every dog owner should understand that an increase in ALT should be considered as the beginning of the development of a serious disease, and, as many people know, any illness can be effectively cured only if a visit to a doctor is timely so that the doctor can prescribe a comprehensive treatment method.
According to experienced experts, an elevated level of alkaline phosphatase in young and healthy dogs is the norm, since the young dog’s body continues to grow and develop, especially the animal’s bone tissue. Dog owners whose pet is carrying future offspring, or if the dog has recently injured a limb and the injury has not completely healed when tested, should not sound the alarm. In addition to the above reasons, the enzyme level may increase if the doctor prescribes the following medications to the dog:
What to do if the enzyme increases for other reasons, this question interests every caring owner who cares about health pet. Of course, consult a doctor for advice, as quickly as possible, and under no circumstances begin to treat the animal yourself. After all, enzyme levels can increase for the following reasons:
Only an experienced specialist will be able to identify the true cause of the increase in enzymes, and after receiving the test results, he will prescribe additional comprehensive study, as we noted earlier, and only after that will appoint healing technique individually for each dog, taking into account the dog’s age, its breed and the level of enzymes in the blood. What kind of drug is needed, including the dosage for treatment, is also selected by the doctor, and only a specialist can indicate the duration of the treatment.
Some dog breeders who lack experience use drugs belonging to the class of hepatoprotectors to treat their pets after hearing about them positive reviews. Indeed, such drugs are capable, and over a short period of time, of lowering the level of enzymes, but such an effect will only be temporary, and the owners will not be able to find out the true cause of the development of the pathological process using this treatment method. This means that the health of your faithful four-legged friend can be improved only for a while, and as soon as the effect of the drugs selected independently ends, the pathological process will resume again.
To summarize, if a blood test confirms elevated alkaline phosphatase levels, you should never treat your pet yourself. This important undertaking should be entrusted to an experienced veterinarian and his recommendations unquestioningly followed in order to cure the shaggy pet of all family members.
Alkaline phosphatase in dogs is one of the liver enzymes that is involved in the metabolism minerals in the body, especially phosphorus and calcium. It's in almost everyone internal organs and tissues, but greatest content found in liver cells, bile ducts and kidney tubules, bones, intestines and placenta. It breaks down phosphoric acid from organic compounds and transports phosphorus further throughout the body. Alkaline phosphatase is detected in the blood of dogs in small quantities in the absence of pathologies and general good health animal.
During certain processes in the body, cell membranes are destroyed, and then increased alkaline phosphatase in the blood of dogs will definitely be detected, since it penetrates from its permanent location. Laboratory indicators indicate disturbances in the functioning of the body or simply obvious changes.
On my own High alkaline phosphatase in dogs is not a separate disease. Its appearance can be triggered by simple stress, when the hormone cortisol is released, the use of medications (non-steroidal inflammatory, hormonal drugs, anticonvulsants). There is also normal and not dangerous rise alkaline phosphatase in dogs in the third trimester of pregnancy or in young animals (approximately 4-8 months) during active bone growth.
However, there are also reasons that make you worry about the health of your pet. To a lesser extent- poor nutrition due to sweet or too fatty food, to a greater extent- various oncological diseases.
By the way, low alkaline phosphatase in dogs may indicate the presence of hypothyroidism, which sometimes leads to loss of voice after complete or partial paralysis of the larynx, lack of vitamin C and trace elements, anemia, and impaired bone growth. This condition poses a threat to health and it is also worth paying attention to its reduction.
What does alkaline phosphatase indicate in dogs when increased rates more often:
Alkaline phosphatase in dogs after targeted studies can be either increased in the results or significantly decreased. Its content in the blood is determined by undergoing a biochemical analysis in a veterinary laboratory. Alkaline phosphatase in a dog is 24-124 U/L or 8.0-28.0 IU/L. Interestingly, in Siberian huskies, according to some data, its increase is considered harmless and refers to differences in the breed.
Specific manifestations such as loss of voice or hair loss, alkaline phosphatase in dogs doesn't call. However, in some conditions the animal owner needs to be wary. Often its increase is reflected in the color of stool - it becomes light, and urine, on the contrary, becomes dark. Possible nausea and vomiting, a noticeable decrease in appetite. Such manifestations affect behavior and a general loss of strength, then it is more difficult for sick dogs to move, and apathy appears.
Diagnosis is difficult; veterinarians do not have a consensus on the causes of elevated alkaline phosphatase in dogs and their quick determinations. In addition, opinions differ about the growth indicators; some experts suggest not paying attention to this. Therefore, often finding out the nature high performance alkaline phosphatase in dogs lasts indefinitely. It is necessary to carry out comprehensive examination most of the animal’s body, which will show a picture of what is happening and help identify problem areas.
To determine whether alkaline phosphatase is increased in dogs or not, you need to take a biochemical blood test. In addition to the content of the enzyme itself, its results give important information and about other elements in the body. This will help with diagnosis. This test can be done in almost all veterinary laboratories. Before going to zoomedicine specialists, you will have to limit the animal in its usual things. For example, do not feed 8 hours in advance. Many products affect the indicators and they become useless.
Additionally you should avoid stress, even short-term, in the case when the dog’s alkaline phosphatase is very high. Reduce walks and serious exercise - let the animal have more peace and hormones, along with microelements, be in the normal state of the body. It is advisable to talk to the dog without raising your voice and not scolding him.
The veterinarian should ask about the animal’s diseases, its food, and medications that may affect the dog’s high alkaline phosphatase levels. Other features of preparation for research will be told by the staff of a particular laboratory or clinic; they may differ.
Depending on the reason for the appearance of alkaline phosphatase in dogs, care is chosen during and after treatment. The animal’s diet is usually adjusted if necessary. If there is excess fat, a light diet is prescribed on the menu (boiled chicken, a little rice, ready-made industrial feed with the right composition). They can add vitamins and microelements to preparations when a significant deficiency is detected. However, food is not always changed so that the dog does not receive additional stress and another increase in alkaline phosphatase.
In everyday life, the animal is treated kindly, the voice is not amplified, it is advisable to leave training for a while, exclude sports activities, running and very active walks. Going outside and meeting other animals is limited, which can cause strong emotions and severe fatigue. Physical activity is especially contraindicated for problems with the spine and limbs - various arthrosis, inflammation, destruction of bone tissue.
If alkaline phosphatase in dogs increases due to liver dysfunction, hepatoprotectors are usually prescribed. Serious illnesses kidneys, gall bladder require special treatment. Sometimes, in particular in oncology, they resort to removing the affected organ or part of it. If a dog loses its voice, then this is a sign of a specific disease that is treated with specific drugs.
The dog does not have alkaline phosphatase in overestimated or underestimated levels - this means that some health problems can be safely excluded, but this does not indicate in full health animal. To keep your dog's alkaline phosphatase within normal limits, it is recommended to follow preventive measures. It is very important to follow the feeding regime and rules - do not give the animal sweet and fatty foods. Walks should involve moderate physical activity, as should classes with a dog handler or on the sports ground. 1-2 times a year even visually healthy dog Conduct a full clinical examination with general tests. You should not raise your voice often and without reason, never hit a dog or expose it to serious stress or anxiety. Each owner must take care of the animal and be attentive to its behavior, appetite, appearance and even natural secretions.
FAQ (frequently asked questions):
Question: My dog does not have alkaline phosphatase, what does this mean?
Answer: Most likely it is normal. She cannot be completely absent. It is better to consult a veterinarian.
Biochemical blood test. Materials, methods, interpretation of biochemical results
Test material: serum, less often plasma.
Take: On an empty stomach, definitely before performing diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. Blood is taken into a dry, clean tube (disposable) (test tube with white or red cap). Use a needle with a large lumen (without a syringe, except for difficult veins). The blood should flow down the wall of the tube. Mix smoothly and close tightly. DON'T SHAKE! DO NOT FOAM!
Compression of the vessel during blood collection should be minimal.
A few words about jugular vein puncture . It often happens in practice that, after fiddling with the veins of a half-dead animal for fifteen minutes, doctors despair. IT'S ALWAYS EARLY TO GIVE UP!!! One of the most wonderful ways to take blood, even during collapse, is jugular vein venipuncture. It works especially well in “no” cats with uremia, when they can no longer resist. Important condition- it is better to shave the hair at the puncture site with a blade (better visible). The position of the animal is on its side. We tilt our head back (assistant). Click index finger into the jugular groove, a small massage, and... we see beautiful, charming wreath. Continuing to press the vein, we take blood with a 2-5 ml syringe with a 0.7-0.8 needle. They especially don't like similar procedures animal owners and stubborn, illiterate doctors. I never tire of repeating: hundreds of times I took blood (and administered medications) through jugular vein. THERE WERE NO COMPLICATIONS!!!
The main thing, including with regard to puncture bladder: Is it worth neglecting an easy and convenient method for everyone if you have never done it, or are you afraid? Everyone chooses for themselves.
Storage: Serum or plasma should be separated as quickly as possible. If possible, centrifuge in situ. The material is stored depending on the parameters required for the study from 30 minutes (at room temperature) to several weeks in frozen form (serum or plasma, the sample can be thawed only once).
Delivery: Test tubes must be signed. Blood should be delivered as quickly as possible in a cooler bag. DON'T SHAKE!
DO NOT deliver blood in a syringe.
Factors influencing results:
With prolonged compression of the vessel, the concentrations of proteins, lipids, bilirubin, calcium, potassium, enzyme activity,
Plasma it is forbidden used to determine potassium, sodium, calcium, phosphorus, etc.,
It should be taken into account that the concentration of some indicators in serum and plasma is different
Serum concentration more than in plasma: albumin, alkaline phosphatase, glucose, uric acid, sodium, OB, TG, amylase
Serum concentration equal to plasma :ALT, bilirubin, calcium, CPK, urea
Serum concentration less than in plasma :AST, potassium, LDH, phosphorus
Hemolyzed serum and plasma are not suitable for the determination of LDH, Iron, AST, ALT, potassium, magnesium, creatinine, bilirubin, etc.
At room temperature after 10 minutes there is a tendency for glucose concentration to decrease,
High bilirubin concentrations, lipemia and sample turbidity overestimate cholesterol values,
Bilirubin of all fractions is reduced by 30-50% if serum or plasma is exposed to direct daylight for 1-2 hours,
Physical activity, fasting, obesity, eating, injury, surgery, intramuscular injections cause an increase in a number of enzymes (AST, ALT, LDH, CPK),
It should be taken into account that in young animals the activity of LDH, alkaline phosphatase, and amylase is higher than in adults.
Enzymes.
Enzymes - basic biological catalysts, i.e. substances of natural origin that accelerate chemical reactions. Also, enzymes take part in the regulation of many metabolic processes, thereby ensuring that metabolism meets the changed conditions. Almost all enzymes are proteins. Depending on reaction and substrate specificity, six main classes of enzymes are distinguished (oxireductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases and ligases). In total, more than 2000 enzymes are currently known.
The catalytic action of the enzyme, i.e. his activity, is determined under standard conditions by the increase in the rate of the catalytic reaction compared to the non-catalytic reaction. The reaction rate is usually given as change in substrate or product concentration per unit of time(mmol/l per second). Another unit of activity is the International Unit (IU), the amount of enzyme that converts 1 µmol of substrate in 1 minute.
The following enzymes are of primary clinical importance:
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST, ASAT)
An intracellular enzyme involved in amino acid metabolism. It is found in high concentrations in the liver, heart, skeletal muscles, brain, and red blood cells. Released when tissue is damaged.
Reference intervals:
for dogs - 11 - 42 units;
for cats - 9 - 29 Units.
for horses - 130 - 300 units.
Increased: Necrosis of liver cells of any etiology, acute and chronic hepatitis, necrosis of the heart muscle, necrosis or injury of skeletal muscles, fatty liver, damage to brain tissue, kidneys; use of anticoagulants, vitamin C
Downgraded: Has no diagnostic value (rarely with a lack of pyridoxine (Vitamin B 6).
ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE (ALT, ALT)
An intracellular enzyme involved in amino acid metabolism. It is found in high concentrations in the liver, kidneys, muscles - in the heart and skeletal muscles. Released when tissue is damaged, especially when the liver is damaged.
Reference intervals:
for dogs - 9 - 52 units;
for cats - 19 - 79 Units.
for horses - 2.7 - 20.0 units;
Increased: Cell necrosis, acute and chronic hepatitis, cholangitis, fatty liver, liver tumors, use of anticoagulants
Downgraded:
creatine phosphokinase (CPK, CK)
CK consists of three isoenzymes, consisting of two subunits, M and B. Skeletal muscles are represented by the MM isoenzyme (CPK-MM), the brain - by the BB isoenzyme (CPK-BB), the myocardium contains about 40% of the MB isoenzyme (CPK-MB).
Reference intervals:
for dogs -32 - 157 units;
for cats - 150 - 798 units.
for horses -50 - 300 Units.
Increased: Myocardial infarction (2-24 hours; CPK-MB is highly specific). Trauma, surgery, myocarditis, muscular dystrophy, polymyositis, convulsions, infections, embolism, heavy physical activity, damage to brain tissue, cerebral hemorrhage, anesthesia, poisoning (including sleeping pills), coma, Reye's syndrome. Slight increase in congestive heart failure, tachycardia, arthritis.
Downgraded:
GGT is present in the liver, kidneys, and pancreas. The test is extremely sensitive for liver diseases. A high GGT value is used to confirm the hepatic origin of serum alkaline phosphatase activity.
Reference intervals:
for dogs -1 - 10 units;
for cats - 1 - 10 units.
for horses - 1 - 20 units.
Increased: Hepatitis, cholestasis, tumors and cirrhosis of the liver, pancreas, post-infarction period;
Downgraded: Has no diagnostic value.
lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
LDH is an enzyme that catalyzes the internal conversion of lactate and pyruvate in the presence of NAD/NADH. Widely distributed in cells and body fluids. It increases with tissue destruction (artificially increases with hemolysis of red blood cells due to improper collection and storage of blood). Presented by five isoenzymes (LDH 1 - LDH 5)
Reference intervals:
for adult dogs -23 - 164 units;
for adult cats - 55 - 155 units.
for adult horses - 100 - 400 units.
in young animals during the growth period, LDH activity increases 2-3 times.
Increased: Damage to myocardial tissue (2 - 7 days after the development of myocardial infarction), leukemia, necrotic processes, tumors, hepatitis, pancreatitis, nephritis, muscular dystrophy, damage to skeletal muscles, hemolytic anemia, circulatory failure, leptospirosis, infectious peritonitis cats.
Downgraded: Has no diagnostic value
Cholinesterase (ChE)
ChE is found predominantly in blood serum, liver, and pancreas. ChE of blood plasma is an extracellular enzyme of glycoprotein nature, formed in the cells of the liver parenchyma.
Reference intervals:
dogs - from 2200 U/l
cats - from 2000 U/l
Increased: Has no diagnostic value.
Downgraded: Subacute and chronic diseases and liver damage (due to impaired synthesis of ChE by hepatocytes), poisoning with organophosphorus compounds.
Amylase hydrolyzes complex carbohydrates. Serum alpha-amylase originates primarily from the pancreas (pancreatic) and salivary glands, and enzyme activity increases with inflammation or obstruction. Other organs also have some amylase activity - thin and large intestine, skeletal muscles, ovaries. In horses, amylase is represented mainly by the beta fraction.
Reference intervals:
for dogs (alpha-amylase) - 685 - 2155 units;
for cats (alpha-amylase) - 580-1720 units.
for horses (beta-amylase) - 4.9 - 16.5 units.
Increased: Pancreatitis, mumps, renal failure(acute and chronic), poisoning, diabetes, acute hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis of the liver, volvulus of the stomach and intestines, peritonitis, disturbance of electrolyte metabolism.
Downgraded: Necrosis of the pancreas, thyrotoxicosis, poisoning with arsenic, barbiturates, carbon tetrachloride; use of anticoagulants.
alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
Alkaline phosphatase is found in the liver, bones, intestines and placenta. To differentiate the activity of alkaline phosphatase (liver or bones), the determination of GGT is used (increased in liver diseases, and unchanged in bone diseases).
Reference intervals:
for adult dogs -18 - 70 units;
for adult cats -39 - 55 Units.
for adult horses - 70 - 250 units
in young animals during the growth period, the activity of alkaline phosphatase increases several times and is not an informative indicator.
Increased: Fracture healing, osteomalacia, bone tumors, cholangitis, Cushing's syndrome, obstruction bile ducts, gallbladder tumors; abscess, cirrhosis, liver cancer, hepatitis, bacterial infections of the gastrointestinal tract, fatty foods, pregnancy.
Downgraded: Hypothyroidism, anemia, hypovitaminosis C, use of corticosteroids.
PhosphataseAcid(phosphatase)
In males, 50% of serum CP comes from the prostate gland, and the rest from the liver and degrading platelets and red blood cells.
In females, CP is produced by the liver, red blood cells and platelets.
Reference intervals:
dogs - 1-6 U/l
cats - 1-6 U/l
Increased: Prostate carcinoma (in initial stage prostate cancer, CF activity may be within normal limits).
When prostate carcinoma metastases into bone tissue, alkaline phosphatase increases.
Prostate massage, catheterization, cystoscopy, rectal examinations lead to an increase in EF, so it is recommended to take blood for analysis no earlier than 48 hours after these procedures.
Downgraded: Has no diagnostic value.
Lipase
Lipase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of higher glycerides fatty acids. It is produced in the body by a number of organs and tissues, which makes it possible to distinguish between lipase of gastric origin, pancreas, lung lipase, intestinal juice, leukocytes, etc. Serum lipase is the sum of organ lipases, and an increase in its activity is a consequence of a pathological process in any organ. Fluctuations in serum lipase activity in a healthy animal are insignificant.
Reference intervals:
dogs - 30-250 U/l
cats - 30-400 U/l
Increased: Acute pancreatitis (may be 200 times higher than normal) - lipase activity in the blood increases rapidly within a few hours after an attack of pancreatitis, reaching a maximum after 12-24 hours, and remains elevated for 10-12 days, i.e. longer than the activity of α-amylase. For malignant neoplasm of the pancreas at an early stage of the disease.
Downgraded: Stomach cancer (in the absence of metastases to the liver and pancreas), with a malignant neoplasm of the pancreas in more late period diseases (as the gland tissue resolves).
Substrates and fats
Total bilirubin
Bilirubin is a product of hemoglobin metabolism and is conjugated in the liver with glucuronic acid to form mono- and diglucuronides secreted in the bile (direct bilirubin). Serum bilirubin levels increase with liver disease, biliary obstruction, or hemolysis. Hemolysis produces unconjugated (indirect) bilirubin, therefore, high total bilirubin will be observed when direct bilirubin is normal.
Reference intervals:
for dogs - 3.0 - 13.5 mmol/l;
for cats - 3.0 - 12.0 mmol/l.
for horses - 5.4 - 51.4 mmol/l.
Increased: Liver cell damage of various nature, obstruction of the bile ducts, hemolysis
Downgraded: Bone marrow diseases, anemia, hypoplasia, fibrosis
Reference intervals:
for dogs -0.0 - 5.5 mmol/l;
for cats -0.0 - 5.5 mmol/l.
for horses - 0.0 - 10.0 mmol/l.
Increased: bile duct obstruction, cholestasis, liver abscess, leptospirosis, chronic hepatitis
Downgraded: has no diagnostic value.
Urea is formed in the liver as a result of neutralization of highly toxic ammonia formed as a result of bacterial fermentation in gastrointestinal tract, deamination of amino acids, purine and pyrimidine bases, biogenic amines, etc. Excreted by the kidneys.
Reference intervals:
for dogs -3.5 - 9.2 mmol/l;
for cats - 5.4 - 12.1 mmol/l.
for horses - 3.5 - 8.8 mmol/l;
Increased: Impaired kidney function (renal failure), protein-rich diet, acute hemolytic anemia, shock, stress, vomiting, diarrhea, acute myocardial infarction
Downgraded: Low intake of protein into the body, serious illnesses liver
Creatinine is the end product of the metabolism of creatine, synthesized in the kidneys and liver from three amino acids (arginine, glycine, methionine). Creatinine is completely excreted from the body by the kidneys glomerular filtration, without being reabsorbed in the renal tubules. This property of creatinine is used to study the level of glomerular filtration by creatinine clearance in urine and serum.
Reference intervals:
for dogs -26.0 - 120.0 µmol/l;
for cats - 70.0 - 165.0 µmol/l.
for horses - 80.0 - 180.0 µmol/l.
Increased: Renal dysfunction (renal failure), hyperthyroidism, use of furosemide, vitamin C, glucose, indomethacin, mannitol. Patients with diabetic ketoacidosis may have a falsely elevated creatinine level.
Downgraded: Pregnancy, age-related decreases in muscle mass
Uric acid
Uric acid is the end product of purine metabolism. It is formed in the liver as a result of the breakdown of nucleotides, deamination of aminopurines and subsequent oxidation of oxypurines. Excreted from the body by the kidneys.
Reference intervals:
dogs - 9-100 µmol/l
cats - up to 150 µmol/l
Increased: Significantly - if there is a violation of the excretion of uric acid from the body (kidney disease, urolithiasis, acidosis, toxicosis), gout - is caused by an increase in the synthesis of uric acid. Insignificant - when taking food rich in purines (meat, liver, kidneys), some hematological diseases (leukemia, B 12 deficiency anemia), cellular cytolysis, diabetes mellitus.
Downgraded: Has no diagnostic value.
Total serum protein consists mainly of albumins and globulins. Globulin level is calculated by subtracting from general level protein albumin level. Hypoproteinemia indicates hypoalbuminemia, because. albumin is the main whey protein. Serum/plasma protein concentration is determined by nutritional status, liver function, kidney function, hydration and various pathological processes. Protein concentration determines colloid osmotic (oncotic) pressure.
Reference intervals:
for dogs -40.0 - 73.0 g/l;
for cats - 54.0 - 77.0 g/l.
for horses - 47.0 - 75.0 g/l;
Increased: Dehydration, venous stasis. Tumors, inflammatory processes, infections, hyperimmunoglobulinemia
Downgraded: Protein loss in gastroenteropathy, nephrotic syndrome, decreased protein synthesis, chronic hepatitis, hepatosis, protein malabsorption
Albumin is the most homogeneous fraction of simple proteins, almost exclusively synthesized in the liver. About 40% of albumins are found in plasma, the rest in the intercellular fluid. The main functions of albumins are the maintenance of oncotic pressure, as well as participation in the transport of small endo- and exogenous substances (free fatty acids, bilirubin, steroid hormones, magnesium, calcium, medicinal substances, etc.).
Reference intervals:
for dogs -22.0 - 39.0 g/l;
for cats - 25.0 - 37.0 g/l.
for horses - 27.0 - 37.0 g/l.
Increased: State of dehydration;
Downgraded: Nutritional dystrophy, acute and chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, gastrointestinal diseases, nephrotic syndrome, chronic pyelonephritis, Cushing's syndrome, cachexia, severe infections, pancreatitis, eczema, exudative dermatopathies.
Blood glucose level is the main indicator of carbohydrate metabolism. Since glucose is evenly distributed between plasma and formed elements, its amount can be determined both in whole blood and in serum and plasma.
Reference intervals:
for dogs -4.3 - 7.3 mmol/l;
for cats -3.3 - 6.3 mmol/l.
for horses - 3.0 - 7.0 mmol/l.
Increased: diabetes mellitus, Cushing's syndrome, stress, shock, stroke, myocardial infarction, physical activity, chronic liver and kidney diseases, pheochromacytoma, glucangioma, pancreatitis, use of corticosteroids, nicotinic acid, vitamin C, diuretics.
Downgraded: Pancreatic diseases, stomach cancer, fibrosarcoma, liver parenchyma damage, insulin shock
Cholesterol levels are determined by fat metabolism, which in turn depends on heredity, diet, liver function, kidney function, thyroid gland and others endocrine organs. Total cholesterol consists of low and low lipoproteins high density(LDL and HDL) and about a fifth of triglycerides.
Reference intervals:
for dogs -2.9 - 6.5 mmol/l;
for cats - 1.6 - 3.7 mmol/l.
for horses - 2.3 - 3.6 mmol/l.
Increased: Hyperlipoproteinemia, liver disease, cholestasis, chronic renal failure, nephrotic syndrome, pancreatic tumors, coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, use of corticosteroids, sulfonamides, thiazide diuretics
Downgraded: HDL deficiency, hypoproteinemia, liver tumors and cirrhosis, hyperthyroidism, acute and chronic renal failure, liver failure(terminal stages), rheumatoid arthritis, malnutrition and absorption, acute infections
Feed fats are hydrolyzed in the small intestine, absorbed and resynthesized by mucosal cells, and then secreted into the lymphatic vessels in the form of chylomicrons. Chylomicron triglycerides are cleared from the blood by tissue lipoprotein lipase. Endogenous production of triglycerides occurs in the liver. These triglycerides are transported in association withb-lipoproteins in the composition of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL).
Reference intervals:
for dogs -0.24 - 0.98 mmol/l;
for cats - 0.38 - 1.10 mmol/l.
for horses - 0.1 - 0.4 mmol/l.
Increased: Hyperlipoproteinemia, diabetes mellitus, hepatitis, cirrhosis, obstructive jaundice, acute and chronic pancreatitis, nephrotic syndrome, chronic renal failure, acute myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease, pregnancy, stress; taking corticosteroids, estrogens, beta blockers, diuretics, a diet high in fat, carbohydrates;
Downgraded: Fasting, hyperthyroidism, acute infections, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, hyperthyroidism; intake ascorbic acid, heparin;
Electrolytes
Potassium is the major intracellular cation, the concentration of which in serum is regulated by its excretion in urine and other mechanisms. Serum potassium concentration determines neuromuscular excitability. Reduced or increased levels of potassium in the blood affect muscle contractility
Reference intervals:
for dogs - 4.3 - 6.2 mmol/l;
for cats - 4.1 - 5.4 mmol/l
for horses -2.2 - 4.5 mmol/l
Increased: Hemolysis, tissue damage, fasting, diabetic ketoacidosis, renal failure with anuria, oliguria, acidosis, taking potassium-sparing diuretics (spironolactone, triamterene), beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, high doses of sulfadimethoxine (Co-trimoxazole).
Downgraded: Fasting, vomiting, diarrhea, renal tubular acidosis, aldosteronism, muscle atrophy, use of furosemide, steroids, insulin, glucose.
Sodium (Na)
Sodium is the predominant extracellular cation. The level of sodium is primarily determined by the volumetric status of the body.
Reference intervals:
for dogs - 138 - 164 mmol/l;
for cats - 143 - 165 mmol/l.
for horses -130 - 143 mmol/l.
Increased: dehydration, polyuria, sugar and diabetes insipidus, chronic glomerulonephritis, hypoparathyroidism, chronic renal failure, bone tumors, osteolysis, osteodystrophy, hypervitaminosis D, taking furosemide, tetracycline, steroid hormones.
Downgraded: Vitamin D deficiency, osteomalacia, maladsorption, hyperinsulinism, taking analgesics, anticonvulsants, insulin. False hyponatremia can occur with severe lipemia or hyperproteinemia if the analysis is done with a diluted sample.
Total calcium (CA)
Serum calcium is the sum of calcium ions, incl. bound to proteins (mainly albumin). The level of calcium ions is regulated by parathyroid hormone and vitamin D.
Reference intervals:
for dogs -2.3 - 3.3 mmol/l;
for cats - 2.0 - 2.7 mmol/l.
for horses - 2.6 - 4.0 mmol/l.
Increased: Hyperparathyroidism, bone tumors, lymphoma, leukemia, sarcoidosis, vitamin D overdose
Downgraded: Hypoparathyroidism, hypovitaminosis D, chronic renal failure, liver cirrhosis, pancreatitis, osteomalacia, use of anticonvulsants.
PHOSPHORUS (P)
The concentration of inorganic phosphates in blood plasma is determined by the function parathyroid glands, vitamin D activity, absorption process in the gastrointestinal tract, kidney function, bone metabolism and nutrition.
The indicator must be assessed in combination with calcium and alkaline phosphatase.
Reference intervals:
for dogs -1.13 - 3.0 mmol/l;
for cats - 1.1 - 2.3 mmol/l.
for horses - 0.7 - 1.9 mmol/l.
Increased: Renal failure, massive blood transfusions, hypoparathyroidism, Hypervitaminosis D, bone tumors, lymphoma, leukemia, ketosis in diabetes mellitus, healing bone fractures, use of diuretics, anabolic steroids.
Downgraded: Hyperparathyroidism, hypovitaminosis D (rickets, osteomalacia), gastrointestinal diseases, malnutrition, severe diarrhea, vomiting, jet intravenous administration glucose, insulin therapy, use of anticonvulsants.
Iron (Fe)
Serum iron concentration is determined by its absorption in the intestine; deposition in the intestines, liver, bone marrow; degree of breakdown or loss of hemoglobin; volume of hemoglobin biosynthesis.
Reference intervals:
for dogs -20.0 - 30.0 µmol/l;
for cats - 20.0 - 30.0 µmol/l.
for horses - 13.0 - 23.0 µmol/l.
Increased: hemosiderosis, aplastic and hemolytic anemia, acute (viral) hepatitis, cirrhosis, fatty liver, nephritis, lead poisoning; taking estrogen.
Downgraded: Iron deficiency anemia, nephrotic syndrome, malignant tumors, infections, postoperative period.
Magnesium ( Mg)
Magnesium is primarily an intracellular cation (60% found in bones); it is an essential cofactor of numerous enzyme systems, especially ATPases. Magnesium influences neuromuscular response and excitability. The concentration of magnesium in the extracellular fluid is determined by its absorption from the intestine, excretion by the kidneys, and exchange with bones and intracellular fluid.
Reference intervals:
for dogs -0.8 - 1.4 mmol/l;
for cats - 0.9 - 1.6 mmol/l.
for horses - 0.6 - 1.5 mmol/l.
Increased: Dehydration, renal failure, tissue injury, hypocortisolism; taking acetylsalicylate (long-term), triamterene, magnesium salts, progesterone.
Downgraded: Magnesium deficiency, tetany, acute pancreatitis, pregnancy, diarrhea, vomiting, use of diuretics, calcium salts, citrates (with blood transfusion).
Chlorine ( Cl)
Chlorine is the most important inorganic anion of extracellular fluid, important in maintaining normal acid-base balance and normal osmolality. With the loss of chlorides (in the form HCl or NH 4 Cl ) alkalosis occurs; when ingesting or injecting chlorides, acidosis occurs.
Reference intervals:
for dogs - 96.0 - 118.0 mmol/l;
for cats - 107.0 - 122.0 mmol/l.
for horses - 94.0 - 106.0 mmol/l.
Increased: Hypohydration, acute renal failure, diabetes insipidus, renal tubular acidosis, metabolic acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, adrenal hypofunction, traumatic brain injury, taking corticosteroids, salicylates (intoxication).
Downgraded: Hypochloremic alkalosis, after punctures for ascites, prolonged vomiting, diarrhea, respiratory acidosis, nephritis, taking laxatives, diuretics, corticosteroids (long-term).
Acidity ( pH)
Reference intervals:
for dogs - 7.35 - 7.45;
for cats - 7.35 - 7.45;
for horses - 7.35 - 7.45.
Increased: Alkalosis (respiratory, non-respiratory)
Downgraded: Acidosis (respiratory, metabolic)
Alkaline phosphatase in a dog takes an active part in the metabolism of phosphoric acid, freeing it from organic compounds and helping transport phosphorus in the body. The highest level of phosphatase is in bone tissue, intestinal lining, placenta in pregnant bitches, mammary gland during lactation, and kidneys. This substance also affects bone growth, which is why in growing dogs the content of this substance is higher than in adults.
Alkaline phosphatase in dogs is considered normal to be 8.0-28.0 MEL
Nature has thought out everything to the smallest detail and never increases a single indicator just like that. The same goes for alkaline phosphatase.
This is a list of possible prerequisites. At the moment, it is known for certain that such a deviation is not a direct sign of any disease. Most likely, the body thus gives timid signals that it is not feeling well.
Conversely, alkaline phosphatase deficiency may also occur.
If an increase or decrease in this substance in the dog’s blood is detected, then treatment should be started immediately. Before you start treatment this state, you should find out why it fell. To do this, the veterinarian prescribes a biochemical blood test. Alkaline phosphatase in a dog depends on many factors. However, the main impact on this indicator provided by the liver.
A very caring, loving dog owner will immediately begin to take appropriate measures to return phosphatase to normal condition. As a rule, after taking hepatoprotectors, your pet’s health improves significantly. And the tests return to normal.
In recent years, many breeders do not want to spend a lot of money buying special food for their pets. They replace them with “natural”. Unfortunately, not all cat owners consult professional veterinarians when preparing a new diet. Research shows that in 95% of cases, self-selected food does not meet the cat’s needs at all. Unfortunately, the consequences of this approach are not immediately apparent. A biochemical blood test in cats can prevent trouble.
Within the framework of this article I would like to dwell on something really specific. Almost everyone knows that white blood cells increase with any inflammatory reaction, the level of red blood cells decreases with anemia, etc. But even specialists often have to guess about something more complex, since the only indicator they can focus on is a clinical blood test in cats. A lot depends on the accuracy of his interpretation.
In addition, in the same case, a high content of eosinophils can be detected, which actually happens with worms. Of course, deworming is a good thing, but you shouldn’t just stuff your cat with medicine. Remember this!
A serum enzyme produced by the pancreas and parotid gland is called Alpha-Amylase.
It is also possible to increase the level of alpha-amylase in pathologies of the small and large intestines, skeletal muscles, and ovaries. The normal range for cats is 580–1720 units.
Alpha amylase levels should be between 580 and 1720 units.
High levels of the enzyme are observed in the following diseases:
A decrease in enzyme levels occurs in cases of chemical poisoning.
The course of pancreatitis is accompanied by progressive vomiting.
The glands become inflamed and enlarged, with pain and fluctuation present. Abscesses often appear on the skin.
With mumps, abscesses appear on the cat's skin.
Kidney failure is accompanied by severe thirst.
Sudden weight loss is a sign diabetes mellitus.
With hepatitis, body temperature rises.
Ascites develops in cats with cirrhosis.
Volvulus in a cat leads to a lethargic state.
There are two main laboratory blood tests:
Venous blood of at least 2 ml, placed in a test tube with a special anticoagulant medium (heparin or sodium citrate), which prevents its coagulation and destruction of blood cells (blood cells).
Hidden pathologies in the cat’s body are revealed. The study provides information about damage to a particular organ or specific organ system, as well as an objective assessment of the extent of this damage. The result is determined by the work of the enzymatic system, reflected in the state of the blood. A biochemical blood test for a cat includes enzyme, electrolyte, fat and substrate indicators.
Blood serum volume of about 1 ml ( venous blood taken on an empty stomach and placed in a special test tube, which allows you to separate blood serum from its formed elements).
Venous blood is drawn from the front or back paw by a veterinarian using topical anesthetic sprays. Usually it does not cause discomfort to the pet if the doctor has certain skills.
Each indicator is responsible for one or another degree of health/illness in the cat’s body, and also shows the functioning of individual organs or entire systems. Not only does each data matter individually, but also in relation to each other.
| Name of indicators | Units of measurement | Norm |
| mmol/l | 3,2-6,4 | |
| g/l | 54-77 | |
| g/l | 23-37 | |
| mmol/l | 1,3-3,7 | |
| µmol/l | 0-5,5 | |
| µmol/l | 3-12 | |
|
U/l | 17(19)-79 |
|
U/l | 9-29 |
| U/l | 55-155 | |
| U/l | 5-50 | |
| U/l | 39-55 | |
| U/l | 780-1720 | |
| mmol/l | 2-8 | |
| mmol/l | 70-165 | |
| mmol/l | 2-2,7 | |
| mmol/l | 0,72-1,2 | |
| U/l | 150-798 | |
| mmol/l | 0,38-1,1 | |
| mmol/l | 0,7-1,8 | |
| Electrolytes | ||
| mmol/l | 3,8-5,4 | |
| mmol/l | 2-2,7 | |
| mmol/l | 143-165 | |
| mmol/l | 20-30 | |
| mmol/l | 107-123 | |
| mmol/l | 1,1-2,3 | |
All deviations in indicators are considered in complex and in relation to one data to another within the same results from the study of one blood sample. Only a specialist should decipher blood tests (results).
If you regularly read articles about health problems in pets, as well as methods of treating them, you probably constantly see lines that mention blood tests.
In cats this method Diagnostic testing can be used for almost all types of infectious and invasive diseases.
What parameters of this analysis does the veterinarian look at? And what can be understood from it? Let's find out.
In recent years, many breeders do not want to spend a lot of money buying special food for their pets. They replace them with “natural”. Unfortunately, not all cat owners consult professional veterinarians when preparing a new diet.
Research shows that in 95% of cases, self-selected food does not meet the cat’s needs at all. Unfortunately, the consequences of this approach are not immediately apparent. A biochemical blood test in cats can prevent trouble.
And we're only talking about biochemistry! Simple check blood tests, which can be done in a regular clinic, cannot provide such data. However, an experienced (very experienced) specialist will conclude that there is a lack of iron or cyanocobalamin, seeing signs of this under a microscope. But there are few of them.
Within the framework of this article I would like to dwell on something really specific. Almost everyone knows that white blood cells increase with any inflammatory reaction, the level of red blood cells decreases with anemia, etc.
But even specialists often have to guess about something more complex, since the only indicator they can focus on is a clinical blood test in cats.
A lot depends on the accuracy of his interpretation.
In addition, in the same case, a high content of eosinophils can be detected, which actually happens with worms. Of course, deworming is a good thing, but you shouldn’t just stuff your cat with medicine. Remember this!
Very important stage any diagnostic test, since its results provide comprehensive data on the health status of your animal.
Blood chemistry is used both in making a diagnosis and during preventive examinations of animals.
The ability to interpret the results of a chemical study allows you to get an idea of the condition of almost every organ in the cat’s body. First they look at the kidneys.
The “advantage” of these components is that even the simplest blood test at home can provide information about the content of all of the above substances in plasma.
For kittens, this analysis can be vitally important, since dehydration in them begins quickly and leads to the development of severe consequences.
As mentioned above, if the analysis showed that the dog’s alkaline phosphatase is elevated, this is not an independent disease. It is provoked by various reasons. In order to successfully cope with it, you need to eliminate that very factor. If the cause is, for example, a diseased liver, then the necessary therapy should be carried out.
However, if the level of alkaline phosphatase continues to rise, it is necessary to take certain measures, for example, by performing urgent surgery to remove the affected organ. During the recovery period, of course, the indicators may increase, however, when the problem is solved, everything should return to normal and the caring dog owner will only have to carefully follow the doctor’s instructions.
This analysis will require special preparation from the owners. The animal should stop feeding 8 hours before the test. Any food can affect test results. For example, a recently eaten piece of sausage can cause an increase or decrease in this indicator. The stress that the animal experiences in the veterinary office can also affect the results.
To prevent alkaline phosphatase levels from fluctuating too much, it would be appropriate to use the “Veterinarian at home” service. Modern technologies allow you to take any analysis from an animal in a comfortable, home environment.
A few days before the planned test, you should reduce your dog’s physical activity. If she, for example, is working out with a trainer, then it is recommended to cancel classes for a while and limit herself to only a short walk in the park.
In case four-legged friend takes any medications, you should notify the veterinarian who will collect the biochemical substance. As a rule, blood can be drawn before taking medications.
As a rule, in such modern veterinary centers as “YA-VET”, you can get analysis results in record time. short terms, which is important for the peace of mind of the owner. All manipulations related to blood sampling are carried out exclusively with disposable instruments.
If your dog's alkaline phosphatase level is elevated, it is recommended to ensure that there is no conflict situations. Everyone knows that dogs are excellent psychologists who sense human moods.
Any stress can cause a deterioration in health and an increase in alkaline phosphatase in a dog. This can trigger other symptoms that may be unpleasant for your pet. Walk your friend more often at a calm pace, making sure he doesn’t get tired. Before recovery, it is recommended to completely exclude canned foods from the diet, since they have a significant impact on the condition.
Better to comply dietary food. Boiled chicken, a little rice, kefir. Only when the veterinarian gives permission can you return the cat to its normal diet. Talk to him in a calm, gentle voice. Remember that high level alkaline phosphatase tends to be life-threatening for the dog.
The diet should be safe, no food from the human table. Only specialized food for sick animals, which must be prescribed by a doctor. If the disease is left unattended, the growing rate will sooner or later lead to the animal refusing to eat altogether and dying from starvation and dehydration.
If you came to veterinary center“I-VET”, you will be amazed at how professionally and carefully our veterinarians treat every animal, from a dog to a rat. What actions should a competent veterinarian take upon his first visit?
The owner must be extremely honest with the doctor, since the prescribed treatment depends on his answers. Also, all doctor’s prescriptions, even feeding, must be strictly followed. For example, if the doctor recommends feeding your dog rice and chicken, then you should not feed pineapples and rabbit meat.
First of all, when choosing a veterinary clinic, you should pay attention to the remoteness. It should be located near your place of residence. This will allow, if necessary, not only to quickly receive qualified assistance, but also to undergo the necessary tests, including a biochemical blood test, as conveniently as possible.
Efficiency is especially important, for example, during poisonings and heart diseases. In such situations, minutes count. Another advantage of a nearby veterinary clinic is that it can reduce your pet's stress levels. Sick animals tolerate trips of any length most poorly, and when it comes to taking tests, such a shock can significantly affect the results of laboratory tests.
Before your first visit to the veterinary center, we also recommend that you read reviews from previous clients who have passed through the hands of doctors. Then visit without a pet to get acquainted with the environment and staff. If there is a veterinary center near your home, then you are very lucky. It’s impossible not to appreciate the clinic for animals “YA-VET”!
You should absolutely not save money on your beloved pet, who is experiencing real suffering and cannot talk about it. And our doctors, having carried out necessary diagnostics will be able to make a reliable verdict at an adequate cost. Remember that it never hurts to get tested, especially since the gentle hands of our nurses will draw blood completely painlessly.
To select the right food for your cat, you should contact your veterinarian.
The prognosis depends on the timeliness of treatment measures. In most cases it is favorable. An indispensable condition for the effectiveness of treatment is proper nutrition.
It is recommended to switch the animal to ready-made food containing all useful vitamins and microelements, properly balanced. It is necessary to limit the activity of a kitten with fractures by placing it in a cage for about two months. The use of painkillers and calcium injections are recommended; intravenous infusion is acceptable.
To avoid recurrence, you should treat your pet carefully, limiting too active games and being in dangerous places. Feed according to your doctor's recommendations.
Alkaline phosphatase is an enzyme that participates in phosphorus-calcium metabolism and ensures the hydrolysis of esters. The concentration of alkaline phosphatase is observed in the intestinal mucosa, renal and bile ducts, bone cells and liver. Normal indicators enzyme in adult dogs - up to 100 units/l.
At pathological process In the body, the permeability of cell membranes increases, as a result of which cells are destroyed. This is how alkaline phosphatase, or rather its excess, penetrates the blood. This can be confirmed by the result of a biochemical blood test.
This does not always mean the development of serious pathologies in the body. For example, in puppies and young animals, enzyme levels may increase due to intensive skeletal and bone tissue development.
An increase in phosphatase in animals after fractures, as well as in bitches during pregnancy, is not a deviation from the norm.
Another common cause of elevated enzymes is taking certain medications, such as steroid hormones, anticonvulsants, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
An increase in phosphatase can occur with calcium deficiency and consumption fatty foods, as well as with the development of serious pathologies in the dog’s body: cirrhosis of the liver, oncology of the mammary glands, bone tissue, biliary tract, pancreatitis.
And this is far from full list life-threatening diseases. That is why, if suspicious signs are detected, it is so important to contact a veterinarian in a timely manner.
The process of increasing alkaline phosphatase levels has no specific clinical signs. The dog owner should be alert to the following signs:
Only diagnostic studies can confirm or refute an increase in enzymes.
To make an accurate diagnosis, the veterinarian needs to collect anamnesis and perform a series of manipulations (visual examination, including the condition of the coat, palpation of the abdomen). Necessary diagnostic tests include ultrasound of the kidneys and liver, x-rays (if certain indicators are present).
Biochemical analysis is performed after the necessary preparation. Before the test, the dog should not be fed; the last meal should be no later than 8 hours before the test.
The dog owner must tell the veterinarian how many times a day the pet eats, what food is preferred - natural or industrial food. If the animal is currently taking any medications, the veterinarian must also be informed about this.
Several days before the procedure, the animal should not be exposed to strong physical activity and stress. It is advisable to invite a specialist home to take blood in familiar and comfortable conditions for the dog, with the owner nearby.
The result is ready the next day, but if there is doubt about its accuracy and information content, a repeat blood test is prescribed.
As a rule, the dog is prescribed a course of medications aimed at eliminating the underlying disease that caused the increase in enzymes. So, if the process has developed against the background of liver pathology, the drug Essentiale is prescribed, which stabilizes liver function. The dosage is determined by the veterinarian.
At the end of treatment, a biochemical blood test is done again. Enzyme levels at the same level or their increase indicate that the treatment was ineffective. In this case, there is a need for surgery to remove the affected organ.
In the postoperative period, the level of phosphatase is also increased, but this is not considered a pathology. Over time it will normalize.
During the treatment and postoperative period, the owner must strictly follow the specialist’s recommendations. Under no circumstances should you self-medicate or prescribe medications without consulting a veterinarian.
As for the prognosis, it all depends on how timely and competently the treatment (surgery) was carried out. The development of pathology leads to chronic organ diseases.
In the postoperative period great importance given to feeding. You should not suddenly change your diet or switch your pet from its usual natural food for ready-made feed from well-known manufacturers. The food should be dietary, preference should be given to boiled dishes, for example, chicken.
A small amount of rice is allowed. Portions of food consumed, regardless of whether it is “natural” or prepared food, should be reduced.
TO preventive measures In this case, we can include, first of all, feeding the dog with balanced low-fat food. The hedgehog should be given in small portions so that the dog does not overeat.
Timely examinations at a veterinary clinic will help avoid many problems, including increased alkaline phosphatase in a dog.
