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Penicillin antibiotics are still used in medicine.
In the 30s of the last century, Alexander Fleming conducted experiments with staphylococci. He studied bacterial infections. Having grown a group of these pathogens in a nutrient medium, the scientist noticed that there were areas in the dish around which there were no living bacteria. The investigation showed that ordinary green mold, which likes to settle on stale bread, is to blame for these stains. The mold was called Penicillium and, as it turned out, produced a substance that kills staphylococci.
Fleming studied this issue further and soon isolated pure penicillin, which became the world's first antibiotic. The principle of action of the medicine is as follows: when a bacterial cell divides, each half restores its cell membrane with the help of a special chemical element- peptidoglycan. Penicillin blocks the formation of this element, and the bacterial cell simply “resolves” in the environment.
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Irina Martynova. Graduated from Voronezh State Medical University named after. N.N. Burdenko. Clinical resident and neurologist of the BUZ VO \"Moscow Polyclinic\".
But difficulties soon arose. Bacterial cells learned to resist the drug - they began to produce an enzyme called beta-lactamase, which destroys beta-lactams (the basis of penicillin).
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Astafiev Igor Valentinovich
Neurologist - Pokrovsk City Hospital. Education: Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd. Kabardino-Balkarian state university them. HM. Berbekova, Nalchik.
For the next 10 years, an invisible war took place between pathogens that destroy penicillin, and scientists who modify this penicillin. This is how many modifications of penicillin were born, which now form the entire penicillin series of antibiotics.
The drug for any method of use spreads quickly throughout the body, penetrating almost all its parts. Exceptions: cerebrospinal fluid, prostate and visual system. In these places the concentration is very low, in normal conditions it does not exceed 1%. With inflammation, a rise of up to 5% is possible.
Antibiotics do not affect the cells of the human body, since the latter do not contain peptidoglycan.
The medicine is quickly eliminated from the body; after 1-3 hours, most of it exits through the kidneys.
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All drugs are divided into: natural (short and long-acting) and semi-synthetic (antistaphylococcal, broad-spectrum drugs, antipseudomonas).
These drugs obtained directly from mold. At the moment, most of them are outdated, as pathogens have developed immunity to them. In medicine, benzylpenicillin and Bicillin are most often used, which are effective against gram-positive bacteria and cocci, some anaerobic bacteria and spirochetes. All these antibiotics are used only as injections into the muscles, since the acidic environment of the stomach quickly destroys them.
Benzylpenicillin in the form of sodium and potassium salts is a natural short-acting antibiotic. Its effect wears off after 3-4 hours, so frequent repeated injections are necessary.
Trying to eliminate this deficiency, pharmacists created natural long-acting antibiotics: Bicillin and benzylpenicillin novocaine salt. These drugs are called “depot forms” because after injection into the muscle they form a “depot” in it, from which the drug is slowly absorbed into the body.
Expert opinion
Mitrukhanov Eduard Petrovich
Doctor - neurologist, city clinic, Moscow. Education: Russian State Medical University, State Budgetary Educational Institution of Further Professional Education, Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd.
Examples of drugs: benzylpenicillin salt (sodium, potassium or novocaine), Bicillin-1, Bicillin-3, Bicillin-5.
Several decades after penicillin was obtained pharmacists were able to isolate its main active ingredient, and the process of modification began. Most drugs, after improvement, became resistant to the acidic environment of the stomach, and semi-synthetic penicillins began to be produced in tablets.
Isoxazolepenicillins are drugs that are effective against staphylococci. The latter have learned to produce an enzyme that destroys benzylpenicillin, and drugs from this group prevent their production of the enzyme. But you have to pay for the improvement - drugs of this type are less well absorbed in the body and have a smaller spectrum of action compared to natural penicillins. Examples of drugs: Oxacillin, Nafcillin.
Aminopenicillins are broad-spectrum drugs. They are inferior to benzylpenicillins in the fight against gram-positive bacteria, but cover a wider range of infections. Compared to other drugs, they remain in the body longer and penetrate certain body barriers better. Examples of drugs: Ampicillin, Amoxicillin. You can often find Ampiox - Ampicillin + Oxacillin.
Carboxypenicillins and ureidopenicillins – antibiotics effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. At the moment, they are practically not used, since infections quickly become resistant to them. Occasionally you can find them as part of complex treatment.
Examples of drugs: Ticarcillin, Piperacillin
Sumamed
Active ingredient: azithromycin.
Indications: infections respiratory tract.
Contraindications: intolerance, severe renal failure, childhood up to 6 months.
Price: 300-500 rubles.
Oxacillin
Active ingredient: oxacillin.
Indications: infections sensitive to the drug.
Price: 30-60 rubles.
Amoxicillin Sandoz
Indications: respiratory tract infections (including sore throat, bronchitis), genitourinary system infections, skin infections, other infections.
Contraindications: intolerance, children under 3 years of age.
Price: 150 rubles.
Ampicillin trihydrate
Indications: pneumonia, bronchitis, tonsillitis, other infections.
Contraindications: hypersensitivity, liver failure.
Price: 24 rubles.
Phenoxymethylpenicillin
Active ingredient: phenoxymethylpenicillin.
Indications: streptococcal diseases, mild infections And moderate severity.
Price: 7 rubles.
Amoxiclav
Active ingredient: amoxicillin + clavulanic acid.
Indications: respiratory tract infections, urinary system, infections in gynecology, other infections sensitive to amoxicillin.
Contraindications: hypersensitivity, jaundice, mononucleosis and lymphocytic leukemia.
Price: 116 rubles.
Bicillin-1
Active ingredient: benzathine benzylpenicillin.
Indications: acute tonsillitis, scarlet fever, wound infections, erysipelas, syphilis, leishmaniasis.
Contraindications: hypersensitivity.
Price: 15 rubles per injection.
Ospamox
Active ingredient: amoxicillin.
Indications: infections of the lower and upper respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary system, gynecological and surgical infections.
Contraindications: hypersensitivity, severe gastrointestinal infections, lymphocytic leukemia, mononucleosis.
Price: 65 rubles.
Ampicillin
Active ingredient: ampicillin.
Indications: respiratory and urinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, meningitis, endocarditis, sepsis, whooping cough.
Contraindications: increased sensitivity, renal dysfunction, childhood, pregnancy.
Price: 163 rubles.
Benzylpenicillin
Indications: severe infections, congenital syphilis, abscesses, pneumonia, erysipelas, anthrax, tetanus.
Contraindications: intolerance.
Price: 2.8 rubles per injection.
Benzylpenicillin novocaine salt
Active ingredient: benzylpenicillin.
Indications: similar to benzylpenicillin.
Contraindications: intolerance.
Price: 43 rubles for 10 injections.
Amoxiclav, Ospamox, Oxacillin are suitable for treating children. But Before using the medicine, you must consult your doctor to adjust the dose.
Antibiotics of the penicillin group are prescribed for infections; the type of antibiotics is selected based on the type of infection. These can be various cocci, rods, anaerobic bacteria, and so on.
Most often, infections of the respiratory tract and genitourinary system are treated with antibiotics.
When treating children, follow the instructions of the doctor who prescribes the right antibiotic and adjust the dose.
In case of pregnancy, antibiotics must be used with extreme caution, as they penetrate into the fetus. During lactation, it is better to switch to mixtures, since the medicine also penetrates into the milk.
No for older people special instructions, although the doctor should take into account the condition of the patient’s kidneys and liver when prescribing treatment.
The main and, often, the only contraindication is individual intolerance. It occurs frequently - in approximately 10% of patients. Additional contraindications depend on the specific antibiotic and are specified in its instructions for use.
If side effects occur, you should immediately seek medical advice. medical care, discontinue the drug and carry out symptomatic treatment.
Antibiotics of the penicillin group are the first drugs created from waste products of certain types of bacteria. In the general classification, penicillin antibiotics belong to the class of beta-lactam drugs. In addition to them, this also includes non-penicillin antibiotics: monobactams, cephalosporins and carbapenems.
The similarity is due to the fact that these drugs contain four-membered ring. All antibiotics of this group are used in chemotherapy and play important role during the treatment of infectious diseases.
Before the discovery of antibiotics, many diseases seemed simply incurable; scientists and doctors all over the world wanted to find a substance that could help defeat pathogenic microorganisms without causing harm to human health. People died from sepsis, wounds infected with bacteria, gonorrhea, tuberculosis, pneumonia and other dangerous and serious diseases.
Key moment in medical history is 1928- It was in this year that penicillin was discovered. Millions of human lives for this discovery are indebted to Sir Alexander Fleming. The accidental appearance of mold on the nutrient medium of the Penicillium notatum group in Fleming’s laboratory and the observation of the scientist himself gave a chance to fight infectious diseases.
After the discovery of penicillin, scientists had only one task - to isolate pure form this substance. This matter turned out to be quite difficult, but in the late 30s of the 20th century, two scientists Ernst Chain and Howard Flory managed to create a drug with an antibacterial effect.
Antibiotic penicillin suppresses the emergence and development such pathogenic organisms, How:
This is just a small list of those pathogenic bacteria, in whom penicillin and all penicillin-type drugs suppress vital functions.
The antibiotic effect of penicillin is bactericidal or bacteriostatic. In the latter case, we are talking about the complete destruction of pathogenic organisms that caused the disease, which is most often acute and extremely severe. For moderate diseases, antibiotics with a bacteriostatic effect are used - they do not allow bacteria to divide.
Penicillin is an antibiotic with a bactericidal effect. Microbes have a cell wall in their structure, in which the main substance is peptidoglycan. This substance gives the bacterial cell resistance, preventing it from dying even in very unsuitable conditions for life. By acting on the cell wall, penicillin destroys its integrity and disables its functioning.
Cell membranes in the human body do not contain peptidoglycan and therefore antibiotics of the penicillin group do not have negative impact on our body. Also, we can talk about the slight toxicity of these products.
Penicillins have a wide range of dosages used; this is safer for the human body, since it makes it possible for a specific patient to choose a therapeutic dosage with minimal side effects.
The main part of penicillin is excreted from the body by the kidneys and urine (more than 70%). Some antibiotics of the penicillin group are excreted through the biliary system, that is, they are excreted in the bile.
The chemical compound of the penicillin group is based on beta-lactam ring, therefore they belong to beta-lactam drugs.
Since penicillin has been used in medical practice for more than 80 years, some microorganisms have developed resistance to this antibiotic in the form of the beta-lactamase enzyme. The mechanism of operation of the enzyme is to combine the hydrolytic enzyme of a pathogenic bacterium with a beta-lactam ring, this in turn facilitates their binding, and as a result, inactivation of the drug.
Today, semi-synthetic antibiotics are most often used: the chemical composition is taken as a basis natural antibiotic and undergoes beneficial modifications. Due to this, humanity can still resist various bacteria that constantly produce different mechanisms of antibiotic resistance.
Today in Federal guidelines According to the use of drugs, the following classification of penicillins is given.
Natural antibiotics do not contain beta-lactamase inhibitors, which is why they are never used against diseases caused by staphylococcus.
Benzylpenicillin is active during treatment:
Side effects: For all penicillin antibiotics, the main side effect is an allergic response of the body in the form of urticaria, anaphylactic shock, hyperthermia, Quincke's edema, skin rashes, nephritis. Heart failure is likely. During the administration of significant dosages - convulsions (in children).
Restrictions for use and contraindications: hay fever, allergy to penicillin, renal impairment, arrhythmia, bronchial asthma.
Benzylpenicillin benzathine is used in cases of:
It is also used to prevent complications after operations.
Side effects: anemia, allergic response, abscess at the site of antibiotic administration, headache, thrombocytopenia and leukopenia.
Contraindications: hay fever, bronchial asthma, penicillin allergies.
Benzylpenicillin procaine is used in the treatment of:
Used for relapses of erysipelas and rheumatism.
Side effects: convulsions, nausea, allergic reaction.
Contraindications: hypersensitivity to procaine and penicillin.
Oxacillin is the main representative of this group of antibiotics. The treatment result is similar to Benzylpenicillin, but unlike the second, this drug can destroy staphylococcal infections.
Side effects: skin rashes, urticaria. Rarely - anaphylactic shock, swelling, increased temperature, digestive disorders, vomiting, nausea, hematuria (in children), jaundice.
Contraindications: allergic reactions to penicillin.
How active substance Ampicillin is used in many antibiotics. Used for treatment acute infections urinary and respiratory tract, infectious diseases of the digestive system, chlamydial infections, endocarditis, meningitis.
List of antibiotics that contain ampicillin: Ampicillin sodium salt, Ampicillin trihydrate, Ampicillin-Inotek, Ampicillin AMP-Forte, Ampicillin-AKOS, etc.
Amoxicillin is modified ampicillin derivative. It is considered a primary antibiotic that is only taken orally. Used for meningococcal infections, acute respiratory diseases, Lyme disease, inflammation processes gastrointestinal tract. Used to prevent anthrax in women during pregnancy and children.
List of antibiotics that contain amoxicillin: Amoxicillin Sandoz, Amoxisar, Amoxicillin DS, Amoxicillin-ratiopharm, etc.
Side effects: dysbacteriosis, dyspeptic disorders, allergies, candidiasis, superinfection, central nervous system disorders.
Contraindications for this group of penicillins: hypersensitivity, mononucleosis, liver dysfunction. Ampicillin is prohibited for newborns up to one month.
Carboxypenicillins contain active ingredient– carbenicillin. In this case, the name of the antibiotic coincides with the active ingredient. Used in the treatment of diseases caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Today, they are almost never used in medicine due to the availability of stronger drugs.
Ureidopenicillins include: Azlocillin, Piperacillin, Mezlocillin.
Side effects: nausea, eating disorders, urticaria, vomiting. Possible headache, drug-induced fever, superinfection, and impaired renal function.
Contraindications: pregnancy, high sensitivity to penicillin.
Use of antibiotics in pediatric treatment Much attention is constantly paid, since the child’s body has not yet fully formed and most organs and systems are not working fully yet. Therefore, doctors need to take the choice of antibiotics for infants and growing children with great responsibility.
Penicillin in newborns is used for toxic diseases and sepsis. In the first years of life in children, it is used to treat otitis media, pneumonia, meningitis, and pleurisy.
For sore throat, ARVI, cystitis, bronchitis, sinusitis, as a rule, children are prescribed Flemoxin, Amoxicillin, Augmentin, Amoxiclav. These antibiotics are the least toxic and most effective for the child’s body.
Dysbacteriosis is one of the complications of antibiotic therapy, since beneficial microflora in children dies simultaneously with pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, treatment with antibiotics must be combined with the intake of probiotics. A rare side effect is an allergy to penicillin in the form of a skin rash.
U infants The excretory function of the kidneys is not sufficiently developed and there is likely an accumulation of penicillin in the body. The result of this is the appearance of seizures.
Treatment with any antibiotics, even latest generation always has a significant impact on health. Naturally, they get rid of the main infectious disease, but overall immunity is also significantly reduced. Since not only pathogenic bacteria die, but also healthy microflora. Therefore, it will take some time to restore protective forces. If pronounced side effects, especially those related to the gastrointestinal tract, then a gentle diet is necessary.
The use of probiotics and prebiotics (Bifidumbacterin, Linex, Bifiform, Acipol, etc.) is mandatory. The start of administration must occur simultaneously with the start of use antibacterial agent. Moreover, after a course of antibiotics, prebiotics and probiotics must be used for about 14 more days to populate the stomach with beneficial bacteria.
When antibiotics have a toxic effect on the liver, the use of hepatoprotectors can be recommended. These drugs will protect healthy liver cells and restore damaged ones.
Since immunity decreases, the body is especially susceptible to colds. Therefore, you need to take care of yourself and not get too cold. Use immunomodulators, and it is desirable that they be plant origin(Purple Echinacea, Immunal).
If the disease is of viral etiology, then in this case antibiotics are powerless, even the latest generation and wide spectrum of action. They can only serve as a preventive measure in joining viral infection bacterial. Antiviral drugs are used to treat viruses.
To use antibiotics less often and get sick less often, you need to lead a healthy lifestyle. The most important thing is not to overdo it with the use of antibacterial agents in order to prevent bacteria from developing resistance to them. Otherwise, it will be impossible to cure any infection. Therefore, always consult your doctor before using any antibiotic.
Penicillin is the very first in the world, which became a real salvation for millions of people. With its help, doctors were able to declare war on diseases that were considered fatal at that time: pneumonia, tuberculosis,. However, treatment of pathologies with the use of antibiotics should be carried out only after establishing accurate diagnosis and strictly as prescribed by the doctor.
The discovery of the antibacterial properties of penicillin occurred in 1928. Famous scientist Alexander Fleming, as a result of conducting a routine experiment with colonies, discovered spots of ordinary mold in some culture dishes.
As it turned out upon further study, there were no harmful bacteria in the cups with mold stains. Subsequently, it was from ordinary green mold that a molecule was derived that was capable of killing bacteria. This is how the first one appeared modern antibiotic- Penicillin.
Nowadays, penicillins are a whole group of antibiotics produced by certain types of mold (genus Penicillium).
They can be active against entire groups of gram-positive microorganisms, as well as some gram-negative ones: staphylococci, spirochetes, meningococci.
Penicillins belong to a large group of beta-lactam antibiotics, which contain a special beta-lactam ring molecule.
Antibiotics of the penicillin group are used in courses of treatment huge amount infectious diseases. They are prescribed when pathogenic microorganisms are sensitive to the drug for the treatment of the following pathologies:
This type of antibiotic is also used in the treatment of wounds infected with bacteria. As a prevention of purulent complications, the drug is prescribed in the postoperative period.
The drug can be used in childhood for umbilical sepsis, pneumonia, otitis in newborns and infants, also at an early age. Penicillin is also effective for purulent pleurisy and meningitis.
Use of penicillin in medicine:
The use of penicillins to treat infections is not always possible. People who are highly sensitive to the drug are strictly prohibited from taking the drug.
The use of this antibiotic in patients suffering from asthma is also contraindicated. of various origins, hay fever with a history or others of the active substance.
Modern pharmacological companies produce penicillin preparations for injections or in tablet form. Funds for intramuscular injection are produced in bottles (made of glass), sealed with rubber stoppers and metal caps on top. Before administration, the substrate is diluted with sodium chloride or water for injection.
Tablets are produced in cell packaging in dosages from 50 to 100 thousand units. It is also possible to produce ecmoline lozenges. The dosage in this case does not exceed 5 thousand units.
The mechanism of action of penicillin is the inhibition of enzymes involved in the formation of the cell membrane of microorganisms. The cell membrane protects bacteria from environmental influences; disruption of its synthesis leads to the death of pathogenic agents.
This is the bactericidal effect of the drug. It acts on some types of gram-positive bacteria (streptococci and staphylococci), as well as several types of gram-negative ones.
It is worth noting that penicillins can only act on multiplying bacteria. In inactive cells, membranes are not built, so they do not die due to enzyme inhibition.
The antibacterial effect of penicillin is achieved by intramuscular administration, oral administration, and also by local action. More often it is used for treatment injection form. When administered intramuscularly, the drug is quickly absorbed into the blood.
However, after 3-4 hours it completely disappears from the blood. Therefore, regular administration of the drugs at equal intervals from 4 times a day is recommended.
The drug can be administered intravenously, subcutaneously, or into the spinal canal. For the treatment of complex pneumonia, meningitis or syphilis, a special regimen is prescribed, which can only be prescribed by a doctor.
When taking penicillin in tablet form, the dosage must also be determined by your doctor. As a rule, for bacterial infections, 250-500 mg is prescribed every 6-8 hours. If necessary, a single dose can be increased to 750 mg. The tablets should be taken half an hour before meals or 2 hours after. The duration of the course will be determined by the doctor.
Since penicillins are a natural drug, they have minimal toxicity among other groups of artificially bred antibiotics. However, allergic reactions are still possible.
The tablet form of penicillin should be taken with plenty of liquid. During treatment with penicillin antibiotics, it is important not to skip the recommended doses, since the effect of the drug may be weakened. If this happens, the missed dose should be taken as quickly as possible.
It happens that after 3-5 days after regular use or administration of the drug, improvement does not occur, then you should consult a doctor to adjust the course of treatment or dose of the drug. It is not recommended to interrupt the course of treatment without consulting a doctor.
Rules for the use of antibiotics:
When prescribing penicillin, attention should be paid to its interaction with other drugs used. This antibiotic should not be combined with the following medicines:
Penicillin is considered one of the most inexpensive antibacterial drugs. The price of 50 bottles of powder to create a solution varies from 280 to 300 rubles. The cost of 250 mg tablets numbered 30 is just over 50 rubles.
Cheap analogues of penicillin include Ampicillin and Bicillin. Their cost in tablet form also does not exceed 50 rubles.
Synonyms for the drug are Procaine-benzylpenicillin, Benzylpenicillin sodium, potassium, novocaine salt.
Natural medicinal penicillins include:
According to the recipe.
Penicillin analogues have opened up new opportunities for doctors in the treatment of infectious diseases. They are more resistant to the aggressive environment of the stomach and have fewer side effects.
Penicillins are the oldest known antibiotics. They have many species, but some of them have lost their relevance due to resistance. The bacteria were able to adapt and became insensitive to the effects of these drugs. This forces scientists to create new types of mold, analogues of penicillin, with new properties.
Penicillins have low toxicity to the body, are widely used and good indicator bactericidal action, but they occur much more often than doctors would like. This is explained organic nature antibiotics. Another negative quality is the difficulty in combining them with other medications, especially those of a similar class.
The first mention of penicillins in literature took place in 1963, in a book about Indian healers. They used mixtures of fungi in medicinal purposes. For the first time in the enlightened world, Alexander Fleming managed to obtain them, but this did not happen on purpose, but by accident, like all great discoveries.
Before World War II, English microbiologists worked on the issue of industrial production of medicine in the required volumes. The same problem was solved in parallel in the USA. From that moment on, penicillin became the most common medicine. But over time, others were isolated and synthesized, which gradually displaced him from the podium. In addition, microorganisms began to develop resistance to this drug, which complicated the treatment of severe infections.
The cell wall of bacteria contains a substance called peptidoglycan. The penicillin group of antibiotics affects the process of synthesis of this protein, suppressing the formation of necessary enzymes. The microorganism dies due to the inability to renew the cell wall.
However, some bacteria have learned to resist such brutal invasion. They produce beta-lactamase, which destroys enzymes that affect peptidoglycans. In order to overcome this obstacle, scientists had to create analogues of penicillin that could also destroy beta-lactamase.
At the very beginning of the era of antibiotics, scientists began to think about how toxic they would become for the human body, because almost all living matter consists of proteins. But after conducting a sufficient amount of research, we found out that there is practically no peptidoglycan in our bodies, which means that the drug cannot cause any serious harm.
Almost all types of penicillins act on gram-positive bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and the causative agent of plague. Also, their spectrum of action includes all gram-negative microorganisms, gonococci and meningococci, anaerobic bacilli and even some fungi (for example, actinomycetes).
Scientists are inventing more and more new types of penicillins, trying to prevent bacteria from becoming accustomed to their bactericidal properties, but this group of drugs is no longer suitable for treatment. One of the negative properties of this type of antibiotics is dysbiosis, since the human intestines are colonized by bacteria that are sensitive to the effects of penicillin. This is worth remembering when taking medications.
Modern scientists propose a modern division of penicillins into four groups:
As an example, it is worth citing a few of the most common ones at the moment. medicines, which correspond to this group. Probably the most famous of the penicillins can be considered “Bicillin-3” and “Bicillin-5”. They discovered a group of natural antibiotics and were the leaders in their category until more advanced forms of antimicrobial drugs appeared.
This group of drugs includes chemically modified antibiotics obtained from mold fungi.
Penicillins are sold in pharmacies in the form of powder for injection. Therefore, for intravenous or intramuscular administration they must be dissolved in liquid. At home, you can use distilled water for injection, sodium chloride or a solution of two percent novocaine. It must be remembered that the solvent should not be too warm.
Indications for antibiotic treatment are the following diagnoses: lobar and focal pneumonia, pleural empyema, sepsis and septicemia, septic endocarditis, meningitis, osteomyelitis. The field of action includes bacterial tonsillitis, diphtheria, scarlet fever, anthrax, gonorrhea, syphilis, purulent skin infections.
There are few contraindications to treatment with the penicillin group. Firstly, the presence of hypersensitivity to the drug and its derivatives. Secondly, an established diagnosis of epilepsy, which does not make it possible to administer the drug orally spinal column. As for pregnancy and lactation, in this case the expected benefits should significantly exceed the possible risks, because the placental barrier is permeable to penicillins. While taking the medicine, the child must be temporarily switched to another method of feeding, since the drug passes into the milk.
Side effects can occur on several levels at once.
From the central nervous system, nausea, vomiting, excitability, meningism, convulsions and even coma are possible. Allergic reactions manifest themselves as skin rashes, fever, joint pain and swelling. There have been cases of anaphylactic shock and deaths. Due to the bactericidal effect, candidiasis of the vagina and oral cavity, as well as dysbacteriosis, is possible.
Caution should be used in patients with impaired liver and kidney function and established heart failure. It is not recommended to use them for people prone to allergic reactions, as well as those who have hypersensitivity to cephalosporins.
If five days after the start of therapy there are no changes in the patient’s condition, then it is necessary to use penicillin analogues or replace the group of antibiotics. At the same time as prescribing, for example, the substance "Bicillin-3", care must be taken to prevent fungal superinfection. For this purpose, antifungal drugs are prescribed.
It is necessary to clearly explain to the patient that interrupting the medication without good reason causes resistance of microorganisms. And to overcome it you will need more strong drugs, causing severe side effects.
Penicillin analogues have become indispensable in modern medicine. Although this is the earliest open group antibiotics, it still remains relevant for the treatment of meningitis, gonorrhea and syphilis, has a wide enough spectrum of action and mild side effects that it can be prescribed to children. Of course, like any medicine, penicillins have contraindications and side effects, but they are more than compensated for by the possibilities for use.
Mushrooms are a kingdom of living organisms. Mushrooms come in many varieties: some of them end up in our diet, some cause skin diseases, and some are so poisonous that they can cause death. But fungi of the genus Penicillium save millions of human lives from pathogenic bacteria.
Penicillin antibiotics based on this mold (mold is also a fungus) are still used in medicine.
In the 30s of the last century, Alexander Fleming conducted experiments with staphylococci. He studied bacterial infections. Having grown a group of these pathogens in a nutrient medium, the scientist noticed that there were areas in the dish around which there were no living bacteria. The investigation showed that the culprit for these stains was ordinary green mold, which likes to settle on stale bread. The mold was called Penicillium and, as it turned out, produced a substance that kills staphylococci.
Fleming studied the issue further and soon isolated pure penicillin, which became the world's first antibiotic. The principle of action of the medicine is as follows: when a bacterial cell divides, each half restores its cell membrane with the help of a special chemical element, peptidoglycan. Penicillin blocks the formation of this element, and the bacterial cell simply “resolves” in the environment.
But difficulties soon arose. Bacterial cells learned to resist the drug - they began to produce an enzyme called “beta-lactamase,” which destroys beta-lactams (the basis of penicillin).
For the next 10 years, an invisible war took place between pathogens that destroy penicillin, and scientists who modify this penicillin. This is how many modifications of penicillin were born, which now form the entire penicillin series of antibiotics.
The drug for any type of use spreads quickly throughout the body, penetrating almost all its parts. Exceptions: cerebrospinal fluid, prostate and visual system. In these places the concentration is very low, under normal conditions it does not exceed 1 percent. With inflammation, a rise of up to 5% is possible.
Antibiotics do not affect the cells of the human body, since the latter do not contain peptidoglycan.
The medicine is quickly eliminated from the body; after 1-3 hours, most of it exits through the kidneys.
Watch a video on this topic
All drugs are divided into: natural (short and long-acting) and semi-synthetic (antistaphylococcal, broad-spectrum drugs, antipseudomonas).
These drugs obtained directly from mold. At the moment, most of them are obsolete, as pathogens have become immune to them. In medicine, benzylpenicillin and Bicillin are most often used, which are effective against gram-positive bacteria and cocci, some anaerobes and spirochetes. All these antibiotics are used only as injections into the muscles, since the acidic environment of the stomach quickly destroys them.
Benzylpenicillin in the form of sodium and potassium salts is a natural short-acting antibiotic. Its effect wears off after 3-4 hours, so frequent repeated injections are necessary.
Trying to eliminate this deficiency, pharmacists created natural long-acting antibiotics: Bicillin and benzylpenicillin novocaine salt. These drugs are called “depot forms” because after injection into the muscle they form a “depot” in it, from which the medicine is slowly absorbed into the body.
Examples of drugs: benzylpenicillin salt (sodium, potassium or novocaine), Bicillin-1, Bicillin-3, Bicillin-5.
Several decades after penicillin was obtained pharmacists were able to isolate its main active ingredient, and the process of modification began. Most drugs, after improvement, became resistant to the acidic environment of the stomach, and semi-synthetic penicillins began to be produced in tablets.
Isoxazolepenicillins are drugs that are effective against staphylococci. The latter have learned to produce an enzyme that destroys benzylpenicillin, and drugs from this group interfere with the production of the enzyme. But you have to pay for the improvement - drugs of this type are less absorbed into the body and have a smaller spectrum of action compared to natural penicillins. Examples of drugs: Oxacillin, Nafcillin.
Aminopenicillins are broad-spectrum drugs. They are inferior to benzylpenicillins in the fight against gram-positive bacteria, but cover a wider range of infections. Compared to other drugs, they remain in the body longer and penetrate certain body barriers better. Examples of drugs: Ampicillin, Amoxicillin. You can often find Ampiox - Ampicillin + Oxacillin.
Carboxypenicillins and ureidopenicillins – antibiotics effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. At the moment, they are practically not used, since infections quickly become resistant to them. Occasionally you can find them as part of a comprehensive treatment.
Examples of drugs: Ticarcillin, Piperacillin
Sumamed
Active ingredient: azithromycin.
Indications: respiratory tract infections.
Contraindications: intolerance, severe renal failure, children under 6 months of age.
Price: 300-500 rubles.
Oxacillin
Active ingredient: oxacillin.
Indications: infections sensitive to the drug.
Price: 30-60 rubles.
Amoxicillin Sandoz
Indications: respiratory tract infections (including sore throat, bronchitis), genitourinary system infections, skin infections, other infections.
Contraindications: intolerance, children under 3 years of age.
Price: 150 rubles.
Ampicillin trihydrate
Indications: pneumonia, bronchitis, tonsillitis, other infections.
Contraindications: hypersensitivity, liver failure.
Price: 24 rubles.
Phenoxymethylpenicillin
Active ingredient: phenoxymethylpenicillin.
Indications: streptococcal diseases, mild to moderate infections.
Price: 7 rubles.
Amoxiclav
Active ingredient: amoxicillin + clavulanic acid.
Indications: infections of the respiratory tract, urinary system, gynecological infections, other infections sensitive to amoxicillin.
Contraindications: hypersensitivity, jaundice, mononucleosis and lymphocytic leukemia.
Price: 116 rubles.
Bicillin-1
Active ingredient: benzathine benzylpenicillin.
Indications: acute tonsillitis, scarlet fever, wound infections, erysipelas, syphilis, leishmaniasis.
Contraindications: hypersensitivity.
Price: 15 rubles per injection.
Ospamox
Active ingredient: amoxicillin.
Indications: infections of the lower and upper respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary system, gynecological and surgical infections.
Contraindications: hypersensitivity, severe gastrointestinal infections, lymphocytic leukemia, mononucleosis.
Price: 65 rubles.
Ampicillin
Active ingredient: ampicillin.
Indications: infections of the respiratory and urinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, meningitis, endocarditis, sepsis, whooping cough.
Contraindications: hypersensitivity, impaired renal function, childhood, pregnancy.
Price: 163 rubles.
Benzylpenicillin
Indications: severe infections, congenital syphilis, abscesses, pneumonia, erysipelas, anthrax, tetanus.
Contraindications: intolerance.
Price: 2.8 rubles per injection.
Benzylpenicillin novocaine salt
Active ingredient: benzylpenicillin.
Indications: similar to benzylpenicillin.
Contraindications: intolerance.
Price: 43 rubles for 10 injections.
Amoxiclav, Ospamox, Oxacillin are suitable for treating children. But Before using the medicine, you must consult your doctor to adjust the dose.
Antibiotics of the penicillin group are prescribed for infections; the type of antibiotics is selected based on the type of infection. These can be various cocci, rods, anaerobic bacteria, and so on.
Most often, infections of the respiratory tract and genitourinary system are treated with antibiotics.
In the case of treating children, you must follow the instructions of the doctor, who will prescribe the right antibiotic and adjust the dose.
In case of pregnancy, antibiotics must be used with extreme caution, as they penetrate into the fetus. During lactation, it is better to switch to mixtures, since the medicine also penetrates into the milk.
There are no special guidelines for older people, although the doctor should consider the condition of the patient's kidneys and liver when prescribing treatment.
The main and, often, the only contraindication is individual intolerance. It occurs frequently - in approximately 10% of patients. Additional contraindications depend on the specific antibiotic and are specified in the instructions for use.
If side effects occur, you should immediately seek medical help, discontinue the drug and carry out symptomatic treatment.
Where does penicillin mold grow?
Almost everywhere. This mold includes dozens of subspecies, and each of them has its own habitat. The most notable representatives are penicillin mold, which grows on bread (it also attacks apples, causing them to quickly rot) and the mold used in the production of some cheeses.
What can replace penicillin antibiotics?
If the patient is allergic to penicillin, non-penicillin antibiotics can be used. Names of drugs: Cefadroxil, Cephalexin, Azithromycin. The most popular option is Erythromycin. But you need to know that Erythromycin often causes dysbiosis and stomach upset.
Antibiotics from the penicillin series - strong remedy against infections caused by various bacteria. There are quite a few types of them, and treatment must be selected according to the type of pathogen.
They seem harmless to the body due to the fact that the only contraindication is a hypersensitivity reaction, but incorrect treatment or self-medication may provoke resistance of the pathogen to the antibiotic, and you will have to select another treatment, more dangerous and less effective.
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Antibacterial drugs that are common today made a real revolution in medicine less than a century ago. Humanity has received powerful weapons to fight infections that were previously considered fatal.
The first antibiotics were penicillin, which saved many thousands of lives during the Second World War and is still relevant in modern medical practice. It was with them that the era of antibiotic therapy began and thanks to them all other antimicrobial drugs were obtained.
This section provides a complete list of currently relevant antimicrobial drugs. In addition to the characteristics of the main connections, all trade names and analogues.
| Main title | Antimicrobial activity | Analogs |
| Benzylpenicillin potassium and sodium salts | Affects mainly gram-positive microorganisms. Currently, most strains have developed resistance, but spirochetes are still sensitive to the substance. | Gramox-D, Ospen, Star-Pen, Ospamox |
| Benzylpenicillin procaine | Indicated for the treatment of streptococcal and pneumococcal infections. Compared to potassium and sodium salts, it has a longer effect, since it dissolves more slowly and is absorbed from the intramuscular depot. | Benzylpenicillin-KMP (-G, -Teva, -G 3 mega) |
| Bicillins (1, 3 and 5) | Used for chronic rheumatism with for preventive purposes, as well as for the treatment of infectious diseases of moderate and mild severity caused by streptococci. | Benzicillin-1, Moldamine, Extincillin, Retarpin |
| Phenoxymethylpenicillin | It has a therapeutic effect similar to the previous groups, but is not destroyed in the acidic gastric environment. Available in tablet form. | V-Penicillin, Kliatsil, Ospen, Penicillin-Fau, Vepicombin, Megacillin Oral, Pen-os, Star-Pen |
| Oxacillin | Active against staphylococci that produce penicillinase. It is characterized by low antimicrobial activity and is completely ineffective against penicillin-resistant bacteria. | Oksamp, Ampioks, Oksamp-Sodium, Oksamsar |
| Ampicillin | Extended spectrum of antimicrobial activity. In addition to the main spectrum inflammatory diseases Gastrointestinal tract, treats those caused by Escherichia, Shigella, Salmonella. | Ampicillin AMP-KID (-AMP-Forte, -Ferein, -AKOS, -trihydrate, -Innotek), Zetsil, Pentrixil, Penodil, Standacillin |
| Amoxicillin | Used to treat inflammation of the respiratory and urinary tract. After identifying the bacterial origin of the stomach ulcer, Helicobacter pylori is used to eradicate. | Flemoxin solutab, Hiconcil, Amosin, Ospamox, Ecobol |
| Carbenicillin | To the spectrum antimicrobial action includes Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacteriaceae. Digestibility and bactericidal effect are higher than those of Carbenicillin. | Securopen |
| Piperacillin | Similar to the previous one, but the level of toxicity is increased. | Isipen, Pipracil, Picillin, Piprax |
| Amoxicillin/clavulanate | Due to the inhibitor, the spectrum of antimicrobial activity is expanded compared to an unprotected agent. | Augmentin, Flemoklav solutab, Amoxiclav, Amklav, Amovicombe, Verklav, Ranklav, Arlet, Klamosar, Rapiklav |
| Ampicillin/sulbactam | Sulacillin, Liboccil, Unazin, Sultasin | |
| Ticarcillin/clavulanate | The main indication for use is nosocomial infections. | Hymentin |
| Piperacillin/tazobactam | Tazocin |
The information provided is for informational purposes only and is not a guide to action. All prescriptions are made exclusively by a doctor, and therapy is carried out under his supervision.
Despite the low toxicity of penicillins, their uncontrolled use leads to serious consequences: the formation of resistance in the pathogen and the transition of the disease to a chronic form that is difficult to cure. It is for this reason that most strains of pathogenic bacteria today are resistant to first-generation ALD.
The medication prescribed by the specialist should be used for antibacterial therapy. Independent attempts find cheap analogue and saving can lead to a worsening of the condition.
For example, the dosage of the active substance in a generic may differ up or down, which will negatively affect the course of treatment.
When you have to change a medicine due to an acute lack of finances, you need to ask a doctor about this, since only a specialist can choose the best option.
Drugs of the penicillin group belong to the so-called beta-lactams - chemical compounds that have a beta-lactam ring in their formula.
This structural component is crucial in the treatment of bacterial infectious diseases: it prevents bacteria from producing a special biopolymer of peptidoglycan, which is necessary for the construction of the cell membrane. As a result, the membrane cannot form and the microorganism dies. There is no destructive effect on human and animal cells due to the fact that they do not contain peptidoglycan.
Medications based on waste products of mold fungi have become widespread in all areas of medicine due to the following properties:
In the process of research and experiments, many medications with different properties were obtained. For example, if they belong to the general series, penicillin and ampicillin are not the same thing. All penicillin antibiotics are well compatible with most other drugs. As for complex therapy with other types of antibacterial drugs, combined use with bacteriostatics weakens the effectiveness of penicillins.
A careful study of the properties of the first antibiotic showed its imperfection. Despite a fairly wide spectrum of antimicrobial action and low toxicity, natural penicillin turned out to be sensitive to a special destructive enzyme (penicillinase) produced by some bacteria. In addition, it completely lost its qualities in an acidic gastric environment, so it was used exclusively in the form of injections. In search of more effective and stable compounds, various semi-synthetic drugs have been created.
Today, penicillin antibiotics full list which are given below, are divided into 4 main groups.
Produced by the mold fungi Penicillium notatum and Penicillium chrysogenum, benzylpenicillin is an acid in molecular structure. For medical purposes, it is chemically combined with sodium or potassium to form salts. The resulting compounds are used to prepare injection solutions that are quickly absorbed.
The therapeutic effect is observed within 10-15 minutes after administration, but lasts no more than 4 hours, which requires frequent repeated injections into the muscle tissue(V special cases sodium salt can be administered intravenously).
These drugs penetrate well into the lungs and mucous membranes, and to a lesser extent into the cerebrospinal and synovial fluids, myocardium and bones. However, with inflammation meninges(meningitis) the permeability of the blood-brain barrier increases, which allows for successful treatment.
To prolong the effect of the drug, natural benzylpenicillin is combined with novocaine and other substances. The resulting salts (novocainic, Bicillin-1, 3 and 5) after intramuscular injection form a medicinal depot at the injection site, from where the active substance enters the blood constantly and at a low speed. This property allows you to reduce the number of administrations to 2 times a day while maintaining the therapeutic effect of potassium and sodium salts.
These drugs are used for long-term antibiotic therapy of chronic rheumatism, syphilis, focal streptococcal infection.
Phenoxymethylpenicillin is another form of benzylpenicillin intended for the treatment of moderate infectious diseases. Differs from those described above in its resistance to hydrochloric acid gastric juice.
This quality allows the medicine to be produced in the form of tablets for oral use (4 to 6 times a day). Most pathogenic bacteria, except spirochetes, are currently resistant to biosynthetic penicillins.
Read also: Instructions for using penicillin in injections and tablets
Natural benzylpenicillin is inactive against staphylococcus strains that produce penicillinase (this enzyme destroys the beta-lactam ring of the active substance).
For a long time, penicillin was not used to treat staphylococcal infections, until oxacillin was synthesized on its basis in 1957. It inhibits the activity of beta-lactamases of the pathogen, but is ineffective against diseases caused by strains sensitive to benzylpenicillin. This group also includes cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, methicillin and others, which are almost never used in modern medical practice due to increased toxicity.
This includes two subgroups antimicrobial agents, intended for oral use and having a bactericidal effect against most pathogenic microorganisms (both gram+ and gram-).
Compared to the previous groups, these compounds have two significant advantages. Firstly, they are active against a wider range of pathogens, and secondly, they are available in tablet form, which makes them much easier to use. Disadvantages include sensitivity to beta-lactamase, that is, aminopenicillins (ampicillin and amoxicillin) are unsuitable for the treatment of staphylococcal infections.
However, in combination with oxacillin (Ampiox) they become resistant.
The drugs are well absorbed and act for a long time, which reduces the frequency of use to 2-3 times every 24 hours. The main indications for use are meningitis, sinusitis, otitis, infectious diseases of the urinary and upper respiratory tract, enterocolitis and eradication of Helicobacter (the causative agent of stomach ulcers). A common side effect of aminopenicillins is a characteristic rash of a non-allergic nature, which immediately disappears after discontinuation.
They are a separate penicillin series of antibiotics, the name of which makes their purpose clear. Antibacterial activity similar to aminopenicillins (with the exception of pseudomonas) and clearly expressed in relation to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
According to the degree of effectiveness they are divided into:
Today, the vast majority of strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are resistant to carboxypenicillins and ureidopenicillins. For this reason they clinical significance decreases.
The ampicillin group of antibiotics, highly active against most pathogens, is destroyed by penicillinase-forming bacteria. Since the bactericidal effect of oxacillin, which is resistant to them, is significantly weaker than that of ampicillin and amoxicillin, combined medications were synthesized.
In combination with sulbactam, clavulanate and tazobactam, antibiotics obtain a second beta-lactam ring and, accordingly, immunity to beta-lactamases. In addition, inhibitors have their own antibacterial effect, enhancing the main active ingredient.
Inhibitor-protected drugs successfully treat severe nosocomial infections, strains of which are resistant to most drugs.
Read also: About modern classification antibiotics by group of parameters
Its broad spectrum of action and good tolerance by patients have made penicillin the optimal treatment for infectious diseases. At the dawn of the era of antimicrobial drugs, benzylpenicillin and its salts were the drugs of choice, but at the moment most pathogens are resistant to them. However, modern semi-synthetic penicillin antibiotics in tablets, injections and others dosage forms occupy one of the leading places in antibiotic therapy in various fields of medicine.
The discoverer also noted the particular effectiveness of penicillin against pathogens of respiratory diseases, so the drug is most widely used in this area. Almost all of them have a detrimental effect on bacteria that cause sinusitis, meningitis, bronchitis, pneumonia and other diseases of the lower and upper respiratory tract.
Inhibitor-protected drugs treat even particularly dangerous and persistent nosocomial infections.
Spirochetes are one of the few microorganisms that remain susceptible to benzylpenicillin and its derivatives. Benzylpenicillins are also effective against gonococci, which makes it possible to successfully treat syphilis and gonorrhea with minimal negative effects on the patient’s body.
Intestinal inflammation caused by pathogenic microflora, respond well to treatment with acid-fast medications.
Of particular importance are aminopenicillins, which are part of the complex eradication of Helicobacter.
In obstetric and gynecological practice, many penicillin drugs from the list are used both for the treatment bacterial infections female reproductive system, and for the prevention of infection of newborns.
Here penicillin antibiotics also occupy a worthy place: eye drop, ointments and injection solutions treat keratitis, abscesses, gonococcal conjunctivitis and other eye diseases.
Diseases of the urinary system that are of bacterial origin respond well to treatment only with inhibitor-protected medications. The remaining subgroups are ineffective, since pathogen strains are highly resistant to them.
Penicillins are used in almost all areas of medicine for inflammation caused by pathogenic microorganisms, and not only for treatment. For example, in surgical practice they are prescribed to prevent postoperative complications.
Treatment with antibacterial medications in general and penicillins in particular should be carried out only as prescribed by a doctor. Despite the minimal toxicity of the medicine itself, its improper use seriously harms the body. In order for antibiotic therapy to lead to recovery, you should follow medical recommendations and know the characteristics of the drug.
The scope of application of penicillin and various drugs based on it in medicine is determined by the activity of the substance against specific pathogens. Bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects appear in relation to:
Low toxicity and a broad spectrum of action make antibiotics of the penicillin group the optimal treatment for tonsillitis, pneumonia (both focal and lobar), scarlet fever, diphtheria, meningitis, blood poisoning, septicemia, pleurisy, pyemia, osteomyelitis in acute and chronic forms, septic endocarditis, various purulent infections skin, mucous membranes and soft tissues, erysipelas, anthrax, gonorrhea, actinomycosis, syphilis, blenorrhea, as well as eye diseases and ENT diseases.
Strict contraindications include only individual intolerance to benzylpenicillin and other drugs in this group. Also, endolumbar (injection into the spinal cord) administration of drugs to patients with diagnosed epilepsy is not permitted.
During pregnancy, antibiotic therapy with penicillin drugs should be treated with extreme caution. Despite the fact that they have minimal teratogenic effects, tablets and injections should be prescribed only in cases of urgent need, assessing the degree of risk to the fetus and the pregnant woman herself.
Since penicillin and its derivatives pass freely from the bloodstream into breast milk, it is advisable to avoid breastfeeding during therapy. The medicine can provoke a severe allergic reaction in a baby even at the first use. To prevent lactation from stopping, milk must be expressed regularly.
Among other antibacterial agents, penicillins stand out due to their low toxicity.
TO undesirable consequences uses include:
Timely medicinal support of the body will help prevent the development of dysbiosis and avoid allergies. It is advisable to combine antibiotic therapy with the use of pre- and probiotics, as well as desensitizers (if sensitivity is increased).
Tablets and injections should be prescribed to children with caution, taking into account the possible negative reaction, and approach the choice of a specific drug thoughtfully.
In the first years of life, benzylpenicillin is used in cases of sepsis, pneumonia, meningitis, and otitis media. For treatment respiratory infections, tonsillitis, bronchitis and sinusitis, the most safe antibiotics from the list: Amoxicillin, Augmentin, Amoxiclav.
A child's body is much more sensitive to drugs than an adult's. Therefore, you should carefully monitor the baby’s condition (penicillin is excreted slowly and, when accumulated, can cause convulsions), and also take preventive measures. The latter include the use of pre- and probiotics for protection intestinal microflora, dieting and comprehensive strengthening of the immune system.
A little theory:
The discovery, which made a real revolution in medicine at the beginning of the 20th century, was made by accident. It must be said that the antibacterial properties of mold fungi were noticed by people in ancient times.
Alexander Fleming - discoverer of penicillin
The Egyptians, for example, 2500 years ago treated inflamed wounds with compresses made from moldy bread, but scientists took up the theoretical side of the issue only in the 19th century. European and Russian researchers and doctors, studying antibiosis (the property of some microorganisms to destroy others), attempted to derive practical benefits from it.
This was achieved by Alexander Fleming, a British microbiologist, who in 1928, on September 28, discovered mold in Petri dishes with colonies of staphylococcus. Its spores, which got onto the crops due to the negligence of the laboratory staff, sprouted and destroyed pathogenic bacteria. Interested, Fleming carefully studied this phenomenon and isolated a bactericidal substance called penicillin. For many years, the discoverer worked to obtain a chemically pure, stable compound suitable for treating people, but others invented it.
In 1941, Ernst Chain and Howard Florey were able to purify penicillin from impurities and carried out research together with Fleming clinical trials. The results were so successful that by 1943, mass production of the drug was organized in the United States, which saved many hundreds of thousands of lives during the war. The services of Fleming, Chain and Flory to humanity were recognized in 1945: the discoverer and developers became Nobel Prize laureates.
Subsequently, the original chemical was constantly improved. This is how modern penicillins appeared, resistant to the acidic environment of the stomach, resistant to penicillinase and more effective in general.
Read a fascinating article: The inventor of antibiotics or the story of saving humanity!
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Penicillin antibiotics are several types of drugs that are divided into groups. In medicine, drugs are used for treatment various diseases infectious and bacterial origin. The drugs have a minimal number of contraindications and are still used to treat various patients.
Once Alexander Fleming was studying pathogens in his laboratory. He created a nutrient medium and grew staphylococcus. The scientist was not particularly clean; he simply put beakers and cones in the sink and forgot to wash them.
When Fleming needed the dishes again, he discovered that they were covered with fungus - mold. The scientist decided to test his guess and examined one of the containers under a microscope. He noticed that where there was mold, there was no staphylococcus.
Alexander Fleming continued his research; he began to study the effect of mold on pathogenic microorganisms and discovered that the fungus has a destructive effect on the membranes of bacteria and leads to their death. The public could not be skeptical about the research.
The discovery helped save many people's lives. It saved humanity from those diseases that previously caused panic among the population. Naturally, modern medicines are relatively similar to those drugs that were used at the end of the 19th century. But the essence of the medications and their action have not changed so dramatically.
Penicillin antibiotics were able to revolutionize medicine. But the joy of the discovery did not last long. It turned out that pathogenic microorganisms and bacteria can mutate. They change and become insensitive to drugs. This led to significant changes in antibiotics such as penicillin.
Scientists spent almost the entire 20th century “fighting” microorganisms and bacteria, trying to create the ideal drug. The efforts were not in vain, but such improvements have led to the fact that antibiotics have changed significantly.
New generation drugs are more expensive, act faster, and have a number of contraindications. If we talk about those drugs that were obtained from mold, they have a number of disadvantages:
Important: These medications have virtually no contraindications. It is not recommended to take them if you have individual intolerance to antibiotics, or if you develop an allergic reaction.
Modern antibacterial agents differ significantly from the familiar penicillin. In addition to the fact that today you can easily purchase medications of this class in tablets, there are a great variety of them. Classification and generally accepted division into groups will help you understand the drugs.
Antibiotics of the penicillin group are conventionally divided into:
All medicines based on mold are antibiotics of natural origin. Today, such medications are practically not used in medicine. The reason is that pathogenic microorganisms have become immune to them. That is, the antibiotic does not act properly on bacteria; the desired result in treatment can only be achieved by administering a high dose of the drug. The drugs in this group include: Benzylpenicillin and Bicillin.
The drugs are available in powder form for injection. They effectively act on: anaerobic microorganisms, gram-positive bacteria, cocci, etc. Since the medications are of natural origin, they cannot boast of a long-term effect, injections are often given every 3-4 hours. This allows you not to reduce the concentration of the antibacterial agent in the blood.
Penicillin antibiotics of semi-synthetic origin are the result of modification of drugs produced from mold. It was possible to impart some properties to medications belonging to this group; first of all, they became insensitive to acid-base environments. This made it possible to produce antibiotics in tablets.
Medicines also appeared that acted on staphylococci. This class of drugs is different from natural antibiotics. But the improvements have significantly affected the quality of the drugs. They are poorly absorbed, do not have such a wide sector of action, and have contraindications.
Semi-synthetic drugs can be divided into:
Attention! The list of medications is quite large; they have a number of indications and contraindications. For this reason, you should consult your doctor before starting antibiotics.
Antibiotics belonging to penicillin group, prescribed by a doctor. It is recommended to take the drugs if you have:
Information: Antibiotics are prescribed for extensive burns and deep wounds, gunshot or knife wounds.
In some cases, taking medications helps save a person's life. But you shouldn’t prescribe for yourself similar drugs, as this may lead to addiction.
What contraindications do medications have:
Direct contraindications for the use of antibiotics:
Attention! The main side effects of taking medications are long-term diarrhea and candidiasis. They are due to the fact that the drugs affect not only pathogenic microorganisms, but also beneficial microflora.
The penicillin series of antibiotics is distinguished by the presence of a small number of contraindications. For this reason, drugs in this class are prescribed very often. They help to quickly cope with the disease and return to a normal rhythm of life.
The latest generation of medicines have a wide spectrum of action. Such antibiotics do not have to be taken for a long time; they are well absorbed and during adequate therapy can “put a person back on his feet” in 3–5 days.
The question is which antibiotics are best? can be considered rhetorical. There are a number of drugs that doctors prescribe more often than others for one reason or another. In most cases, drug names are well known to the general public. But it’s still worth studying the list of medications:
List or list of penicillin antibiotics, which is available in powder form:
Important: Called an antibiotic, the drug must have an antibacterial effect on the body. All those medications that affect viruses have nothing to do with antibiotics.
Sumamed - cost varies from 300 to 500 rubles.
Amoxicillin tablets - price is about 159 rubles. per package.
Ampicillin trihydrate - cost of tablets is 20–30 rubles.
Ampicillin in powder form, intended for injection - 170 rubles.
Oxacillin - average price per drug varies from 40 to 60 rubles.
Amoxiclav - cost - 120 rubles.
Ospamox - price varies from 65 to 100 rubles.
Benzylpenicillin novocaine salt - 50 rub.
Benzylpenicillin - 30 rub.
