The Pacific Ocean is the first ocean on Earth in terms of depth and water surface area. It occupies about half of the hydrosphere and covers one third of the entire earth's surface.
The Pacific Ocean basin is larger than all the continents combined: its area (178.68 million sq. km) exceeds the total land area (148.94 million sq. km).
Powerful air currents formed by the evaporation of ocean waters cause destructive tropical cyclones (typhoons in the northwestern Pacific, hurricanes in the eastern), strong winds and currents impede the navigation of ships. However, why was it so surprising that such a powerful and dangerous ocean received the name “Pacific Ocean”?
: The Pacific Ocean is the largest basin of the World Ocean. Its average depth is about 4 km, and the deepest point, the Mariana Trench, reaches 11 km. Moreover, the Pacific Ocean is considered the warmest ocean.
Vasco Nunez de Balboa saw the eastern Pacific Ocean for the first time The peoples of Asia and Oceania have traveled the Pacific Ocean since prehistoric times. Travelers from the Indonesian and Western Pacific Islands sailed the central Pacific Ocean, establishing settlements in even the most remote places, such as Rapa Nui (Easter Island) or Hawaii. However, the eastern part of the Pacific Ocean was discovered by European sailors at the beginning of the 16th century.
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Conquistador from Spain Vasco Nunez de Balboa with a fleet of one brigantine and ten canoes passed through the Isthmus of Panama, connecting the continents of North and South America, in 1513. The navigator went out to the eastern Pacific coast and, finding himself at a mountain range in the Darien region (Panama), from the top of the mountain he saw the waters of the great unknown sea far on the horizon. The expedition members set off in canoes on a short reconnaissance voyage, becoming the first Europeans to navigate the Pacific Ocean off the coast of the New World.
Vasco Nunez de Balboa called the waters the “South Sea” (Mar del Sur in Spanish) because the ocean was located south of the coast of the Isthmus of Panama, from where the navigator first saw it.
The Pacific Ocean was originally also named after its discoverer - the “Balboa Sea”.
In 1519, the Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan, hired by the Spanish King Charles I, set out on a journey across the Atlantic Ocean to find a westerly route to the Moluccas (Spice Islands) through South America.
The Strait of Magellan connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans F. Magellan, commanding a fleet of five ships, entered the Atlantic Ocean and headed south along the eastern coast of South America in search of a strait that was expected to lead to the Spice Islands. The ships entered the strait, located between the island of Tierra del Fuego and the mainland of South America, on November 1, 1520. The feast of All Saints fell on this day, so F. Magellan gave the water channel the corresponding name - “Strait of All Saints”.
04.02.2016
The Atlantic Ocean, named after the mythological hero Atlas, has not changed its name since ancient times. Until the 17th century, parts of it were worn different names(Western Ocean, Northern and Outer Seas), however, the name of the main water area was found back in the 5th century. BC e. in the works of the ancient Greek historian Herodotus.
The Atlantic Ocean was formed 200-250 million years ago, during the Mesozoic era, when the ancient supercontinent Pangea split into two parts (northern Laurasia and southern Gondwana). New continents moved in opposite directions, and then, about 200 million years ago, Gondwana began to split into Africa and South America - the South Atlantic was formed. In the Cretaceous (150 million years ago), Laurasia split, North America and Eurasia began to move away from each other. The movement of tectonic plates, and with it the expansion of the Atlantic Ocean, continues to this day - at a speed of 2-3 cm per year.
The Atlantic coasts have been inhabited since ancient times...
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Travel has always attracted people, but before it was not only interesting, but also extremely difficult. The territories were unexplored, and when setting off, everyone became an explorer. Which travelers are the most famous and what exactly did each of them discover?
The famous Englishman was one of the best cartographers of the eighteenth century. He was born in the north of England and by the age of thirteen began to work with his father. But the boy turned out to be incapable of trading, so he decided to take up sailing. In those days everything famous travelers the world went to distant countries on ships. James became interested in maritime affairs and rose through the ranks so quickly that he was offered to become a captain. He refused and went to the Royal Navy. Already in 1757, the talented Cook began to control the ship himself. His first achievement was the design of the channel of the St. Lawrence River. He discovered his talent as a navigator and cartographer. In the 1760s he studied...
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History of the discovery and development of the Atlantic Ocean
Geographical location of the Atlantic Ocean
The Atlantic Ocean is the youngest, although it ranks second in the world in terms of size. It is quite salty, despite the fact that compared to other oceans it receives the most river water. The Atlantic Ocean is very warm, although in some parts of it the water temperature drops to -1.8 °C. Only it has a sea without shores, the waters of which are among the most transparent in the World Ocean. It is in the Atlantic that the warmest and one of the strongest sea currents on the planet moves.
The geographical location of the Atlantic Ocean has much in common with the Pacific. It is also enormous in size, with an area of 91.7 million km2. Like the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean is elongated in the meridional direction. Its central part is located in the equatorial belt, and the extreme northern and southern parts are located in opposite hemispheres - in the cold polar latitudes (Fig. 30).
Compared to Quiet on...
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The first voyages across the oceans were the most impressive due to the enormous difficulties and hardships faced by the captains and crews of their ships. The ships were cramped, uncomfortable, dirty, and there was nowhere to store food fresh. Scurvy, a disease caused by a lack of vitamin C, was serious problem. At the end of the 15th century. Vasco da Gama lost two-thirds of his crew during the voyage to India. Scurvy can be prevented by eating fresh fruit, and Captain Cook did not lose a single man during his second voyage around the world in 1772, ensuring healthy diet for your team. Another problem was the extremely limited opportunities navigation devices. Polynesians determined the proximity of land by the color of the sea, clouds, the appearance of birds, or simply by smell. In Europe, methods for calculating latitude (distance from the North Pole) were available as early as the 1480s, but determining longitude (distance east or west) was difficult until the 18th century. Since the routes through...
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Atlantic and Indian oceans
As you know, the territory of our planet is washed by four oceans. The Atlantic and Indian oceans rank second and third in terms of volume of water, respectively.
The waters of these oceans are home to unique species of aquatic animals and vegetation.
The development of the Atlantic Ocean began in early Antiquity. It was then that the ancient Phoenician sailors began to make their first voyages along the Mediterranean Sea and the eastern coast of the Atlantic Ocean.
However, only the European northern peoples managed to cross the Atlantic Ocean in the 9th century. The “golden era” of Atlantic exploration was started by the famous navigator Christopher Columbus.
During his expeditions, many seas and bays of the Atlantic Ocean were discovered. Modern oceanographers continue to study the Atlantic Ocean, in particular the relief structures of its bottom.
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Digaleva Maria -7th grade NOCHU secondary school "Razum-L"
Lesson plan Geographical location of the ocean History of ocean exploration Origin Features of nature Economic activity in the ocean Environmental problems
Geographical position of the ocean The Atlantic Ocean stretches from subarctic latitudes to Antarctica. The ocean reaches its greatest width in temperate latitudes and narrows towards the equator. The ocean coastline is strongly dissected in the Northern Hemisphere, and weakly indented in the Southern Hemisphere. Most of the islands lie near the continents.
From the history of ocean exploration. Since ancient times, the Atlantic Ocean began to be developed by man. Navigation centers arose on its shores in different eras. Ancient Greece, Carthage, Scandinavia. Its waters washed the legendary Atlantis, the geographical position of which in the ocean is still debated by scientists. Ancient Greece Shores of Carthage Scandinavia
The first to cross the Atlantic...
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Great geographical discoveries: voyages across the Atlantic Ocean to the South and back
This schematic map shows the direction of the north and south trade winds in summer.
We know that the air masses associated with them
move depending on the time of year.
Sailing routes to India or from India to Europe
obeyed fairly simple rules.
When heading to India, you must go with the northern trade wind,
and then, under the influence of the southern trade wind, turn to the Brazilian coast.
On the way back, you need to use the favorable southern trade wind,
and then cross the zone of the northern trade wind to the zone of mid-latitude winds.
In this sense, the dotted line of the return route from the Gulf of Guinea
(or, as the Portuguese said, returning “from Mina” - “da Mina”)
demonstrates the need to move away from African shores
into the open ocean
when returning to Europe.
Bartolomeu Dias, whose voyage...
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CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS (1451-1506) navigator, Spanish admiral (1492), viceroy of the Indies (1492), discoverer of the Sargasso and Caribbean seas, the Bahamas and Antilles, part of the northern coast of South America and the Caribbean coastline of Central America. ....
More details:
Ferdinand Magellan
MAGELLAN (Magallanes) (Spanish: Magallanes) Fernand (1480-1521), navigator whose expedition completed the 1st circumnavigation of the world. Born in Portugal. In 1519-21 he led a Spanish expedition to find a western route to the Moluccas. Opened the entire coast of the South. America south of La Plata, circled the continent from the south, discovered the strait named after him, and the Patagonian Cordillera; first to cross the Pacific Ocean. (1520), having discovered Fr. Guam, and reached the Philippine Islands, where he was killed in a battle with local residents. Magellan proved the existence of a single World Ocean and provided practical evidence of the sphericity of the Earth. The voyage was completed by J. S. Elcano,...
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Numerous European states have long been located on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. And Europeans for many centuries sailed the waters of the Mediterranean Sea. However, the Phoenicians, skilled and brave sailors, were the first to enter the expanses of the Atlantic Ocean proper (through the Strait of Gibraltar). It was they who paved the sea route north to the British Isles. They also knew the southern latitudes of this ocean. To the west, the Phoenicians sailed in the Atlantic Ocean to the Azores.
Important scientific studies of surface waters were carried out in the second half of the 18th century, when the American scientist B. Franklin compiled the first map of the strongest warm current in the Atlantic - the Gulf Stream.
Despite the long-standing familiarity of navigators with the Atlantic Ocean, the first accurate information about its depths appeared only at the beginning of the 19th century. They were obtained by the famous English polar explorers John Ross and his nephew James Ross. However, the most significant successes have been achieved...
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The exploration of the Atlantic Ocean can be divided into 3 periods: from the voyages of ancient navigators to 1749; from 1749 to 1872 and from 1872 to the present day. The first period is characterized by the study of the distribution of ocean and land waters in the Atlantic Ocean, the establishment of the boundaries of the ocean and its connections with other oceanic basins. In the second period they studied physical properties ocean water and carried out deep-sea research. In 1749, G. Ellis first measured the water temperature of the Atlantic Ocean at various depths. The collected factual material allowed B. Franklin (1770) to compile a map of the Gulf Stream, and M. F. Morey (1854) - a map of depths in the northern part of the Atlantic Ocean, as well as a map of winds and currents. In the third period, complex oceanographic expeditions were carried out, begun by the British expedition on the Challenger (1872-1876), which carried out the first detailed physical, chemical and biological studies of the World Ocean, including...
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12
When our planet emerged 4.5 billion years ago, it was hot and consisted of liquid rocks. Over the next millions of years, the Earth cooled, and its outer surface gradually acquired a solid shell.
However, this happened unevenly. As the already solidified layers of rock sank into still liquid ones, vast depressions appeared, which later became deep-sea basins. The earth slowly cooled, while hot water vapor rose and formed dense layer clouds
When the Earth cooled sufficiently, rain began to flow from this cloud, which fell continuously for thousands of years. Falling on hot rock, the water evaporated and steam rose again, as a result of which the rain only intensified. As temperatures on Earth fell, less and less water began to evaporate and sediment accumulated in huge deep-sea basins.
About 300 million years ago, all the land on our planet was united into one huge...
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§ 11. Arctic Ocean. Atlantic Ocean
Arctic Ocean. Geographical location. Seas and islands.
Ocean area - 14.75 million sq. km (about 4% of the total area of the World Ocean);
Maximum depth - 5527 m in the Greenland Sea;
The average depth is 1225 m Number of seas - I;
The largest sea is the Norwegian one.
The ocean was identified as an independent natural object by the geographer Varenius in 1650 under the name Hyperborean Ocean - “The ocean at its most far north" Before the modern name was approved, the ocean was called different countries, as: “Northern Ocean”, “Scythian Ocean”, “Tartar Ocean”, “Arctic Sea”. Navigator Admiral F.P. Litke in the 20s of the 20th century called it the Arctic Ocean (Fig. 29)."
Rice. 29. Arctic Ocean.
The Arctic Ocean is located in the center of the Arctic. The Arctic is the physical-geographical region of the Earth adjacent to the North Pole and...
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Ferdinand Magellan (Fernand de Magalhães) - (born November 20, 1480 - died April 27, 1521)
The outstanding Portuguese navigator Magellan Fernand, his expedition made the first trip around the world in history, which involved searching for a western route to the Moluccas. This proved the existence of a single world ocean and provided practical proof of the spherical shape of the Earth. Magellan discovered the entire coast of South America south of La Plata, circumnavigated the continent from the south, discovered the strait that was named after him, and the Patagonian Cordillera; first to cross the Pacific Ocean.
Among the people who made global revolutions in the consciousness of people and the development of mankind, travelers were able to play a significant role. The most striking figure of them is the Portuguese Fernand de Magalhães, who became known throughout the world under the Spanishized name Fernand Magellan.
Ferdinand Magellan was born in 1470 in the locality of Sabrosa, in the remote northeastern province of Portugal, Traz os Leontes. His family belonged to a noble but impoverished knightly family and was respected at court. Unsurprisingly, King João II appointed Fernand's father, Pedro Rui de Magalhães, as senior alcalde* of the strategically important harbor of Aveiro.
(* Alcalde is a judicial or municipal official who had executive power. His main task was to monitor the preservation of public order).
Connections at court made it possible for the alcalde to appoint his eldest son as Queen Eleanor’s page in 1492. Thus, Fernand received the right to be raised in the royal residence. There, in addition to the knightly arts - horse riding, fencing, falconry - he was able to master astronomy, navigation and cartography. At the Portuguese court, these subjects were required for young courtiers to study since the time of Prince Henry the Navigator. It was they who had the opportunity to go on long sea expeditions with the aim of conquest and discovery of new lands. It was not for nothing that King Manuel himself, who replaced Juan on the throne, observed their lessons.
The ambitious Fernand became seriously interested in sailing. In an effort to get away from palace intrigues, in 1504 he asked the king to let him go to India under the leadership of the Viceroy of India Francisco di Almeida and, having received consent, left Lisbon in the spring of 1505.
Almeida's expedition was purely military in nature and had the goal of pacifying the rebellious Muslim rulers from Sofala to Hormuz and from Cochin to Bab el-Mandeb. It was necessary to wipe out the Muslim fortifications from the face of the earth and build Portuguese fortresses in their place.
Magalhães took part in sea and land battles at Kilva, Sofala, Mombasa, Cannanur, Calicut, as well as in the sack of these cities and over time turned into a valiant warrior, experienced and accustomed to any cruelties and misadventures of his harsh era. He quickly acquired a reputation as a brave captain, skilled in battle and navigation. At the same time, even then, caring for brothers in arms became one of the main features of the future pioneer of circumnavigation.
1509 - During the battles near Malacca, Magalhães was able to become famous, almost single-handedly coming to the aid of a handful of his compatriots who were attacked by the Malays. He acted just as nobly during his return from Malacca to India. At the head of only 5 people, Fernand hurried to the aid of the Portuguese caravel and helped to win.
At the very beginning of 1510, Magalhães' career as a navigator almost came to an end: during an unsuccessful assault on Calicut, he was seriously wounded, and for the second time. The first wound received during the campaign in Morocco left him lame for life. Dejected Fernand decided to return to his homeland.
Magellan's Route
In the spring, a small flotilla of three ships sailed from Cochin to Portugal. Magalhães was also on board one of the ships. But this time he never made it home. A hundred miles from the Indian coast, two ships hit the underwater rocks of the dangerous Padua Shoal and sank. The officers and noble passengers decided to return to India on the remaining ship, leaving their rootless companions without water and food on a narrow sandy shoal, who had no place on the ship. Fernand refused to sail with them: nobility and high rank were a kind of guarantee that help could still be sent for those who remained. In the end this is what happened. Two weeks later, the castaways were rescued and upon arrival in India, they talked everywhere about the extraordinary firmness of their patron, who, under difficult conditions, managed to awaken hope in people and strengthen resilience.
Fernand remained in India for some time. According to the documents, he boldly expressed his opinion in cases where other captains were silent. This probably could have been the main reason for his disagreements with the new Viceroy Afonso de Albuquerque.
1512, summer - Magalhães returned to Portugal. This is evidenced by an entry in the royal court pay sheet, according to which he was assigned a monthly royal pension of 1,000 Portuguese reals. After 4 weeks, it was almost doubled, which may indicate that the merits of the valiant captain were recognized by the court.
During the war with the Moors of Azamora (modern Azemmour in Morocco), Fernand was appointed major, that is, he received a rather prestigious and profitable position. He had the prisoners and all the captured trophies at his complete disposal. The post provided unlimited opportunities for personal enrichment, so Magalhães had no shortage of ill-wishers.
After some time, he was groundlessly accused of organizing an attack by the Moors on the herd and allowing 400 head of cattle to be stolen, receiving a lot of money for it. After some time, the charge was dropped, but the offended Fernand resigned.
Left without sufficient means of subsistence, the warrior known for his valor hoped for the mercy of the king. He asked Manuel to increase his pension by only 200 Portuguese reals. But the king did not like people with a strong character and, according to the chronicler Barros, “... always had an aversion to him,” and therefore refused. The outraged Magalhães secretly left his homeland in 1517 and moved to Spain.
From this time begins the history of a sea voyage around the Earth, unprecedented at that time, the sphericity of which was then only assumed. And the credit for its organization and implementation goes entirely to Fernand Magalhães, who from now on became Fernand Magellan.
Later, King Manuel came to his senses and with persistence worthy best use, began to interfere with Magellan in the implementation of his plans. But the mistake could not be corrected, and for the second time in history, Portugal lost the chance to benefit from the discoveries of its great sons, underestimating their potential capabilities.
"Moluccan Armada" - Magellan's ships
It is known that while still in Portugal, he carefully studied nautical charts, made acquaintances with sailors, and worked a lot on the problems of determining geographic longitude. All this helped him a lot in realizing his idea.
According to the papal bull Inter cetera of 1493, all new territories opened up to the east of the demarcation line established in 1494 belonged to Portugal, and to the west to Spain. But the method of calculating geographical longitude, adopted in those days, did not make it possible to clearly demarcate the Western Hemisphere. Therefore, Magellan, as well as his friend and assistant, astrologer and cosmographer Ruy Faleiro, believed that the Moluccas should belong not to Portugal, but to Spain.
1518, March - they presented their project to the Council of the Indies. After lengthy negotiations, it was accepted, and the Spanish king Carlos I (aka Holy Roman Emperor Charles V) undertook to equip 5 ships and allocate supplies for 2 years. In the event of the discovery of new lands, companions were given the right to become their rulers. They also received 20% of the income. In this case, the rights had to be inherited.
Shortly before this significant event, serious changes occurred in Fernand's life. Arriving in Seville, he joined the colony of Portuguese emigrants. One of them, the commandant of the Seville fortress of Alcazar, Diogo Barbosa, introduced the valiant captain into his family. His son Duarte became Fernand's close friend, and his daughter Beatrice became his wife.
Magellan really did not want to leave his young, passionately loving wife and recently born son, but duty, ambition and the desire to provide for his family persistently called him to sea. An unfavorable astrological forecast made by Faleiro could not stop him either. But it was precisely because of this that Ruy refused to participate in the voyage, and Magellan became its sole leader and organizer.
In Seville, 5 ships were prepared - the flagship Trinidad, San Antonio, Concepcion, Victoria and Santiago. On September 20, 1519, Ferdinand Magellan said goodbye to the pregnant Beatrice and newborn Rodrigo on the pier and ordered the anchor to be raised. They were never destined to see each other again.
The lists of the small flotilla included 265 people: commanders and helmsmen, boatswains, gunners, ordinary sailors, priests, carpenters, caulkers, coopers, soldiers and people who did not have specific duties. This entire motley multinational crew (in addition to the Spaniards and Portuguese, it also included Italians, Germans, French, Flemings, Sicilians, English, Moors and Malays) had to be kept in obedience. And discontent began almost from the first weeks of the voyage. Agents of the Portuguese king infiltrated the ships, and thanks to the zeal of the Portuguese consul in Seville, Alvares, the holds were partially filled with rotten flour, moldy crackers and rotten corned beef.
On September 26, the sailors reached Canary Islands, on October 3, they headed for Brazil, and on December 13, they entered Rio de Janeiro Bay. From here, travelers headed south along the South American coast in search of a passage to the “South Sea,” moving only during the day so as not to miss it in the dark. 1520, March 31 - the ships entered the Bay of San Julian off the coast of Patagonia for the winter.
Ferdinand Magellan - suppression of the rebellion
Soon Magellan had to give an order to reduce the diet. But part of the crew opposed this decision and began to demand a return to Spain, but received a decisive refusal. Then, during the celebration of Easter, the rebel leaders, taking advantage of the fact that the bulk of the crews went ashore, were able to capture three ships.
Magellan decided to use force and cunning. Several faithful people he sent to the Victoria with a letter to the rebellious treasurer Luis de Mendoza. He was stabbed while reading the letter, and the crew offered no resistance. The next day, two rebel captains, Gaspar de Quesada and Juan de Cartagena, tried to take their ships out of the bay, but their path was blocked by the Trinidad, Santiago and Victoria, which had been recaptured from the rebels. San Antonio surrendered without resisting. Their commander, Quesada, was immediately arrested, and after some time Cartagena was captured.
By order of Ferdinand Magellan, Mendoza's dead body was quartered, Quesada's head was cut off, and Cartagena and the traitor-priest Pedro Sanchez de la Reina were left on the shore. But the rebel sailors were not harmed. They were given life, mainly because they were needed for ship work.
Soon the squadron, which lost the Santiago during reconnaissance, moved further south. But the betrayals did not stop there. On November 1, when the squadron was already moving through the desired Strait, later called the Strait of Magellan, the helmsman Ishteban Gomes, taking advantage of the fact that his ship was out of sight from the other ships, captured the San Antonio and fled to Spain. Magellan never learned about the betrayal, just as he never learned what fatal role Gomes played in the fate of his family. Arriving in Spain, the deserter accused his captain-general of treason against the king. As a result, Beatrice and her children were subjected to house arrest and interrogation. She was deprived of government benefits and left in dire need. Neither she nor her sons lived to see the expedition return. And Gomes was awarded a knighthood by the king for “outstanding services rendered to Magellan’s flotilla.”
On November 28, Ferdinand Magellan's ships entered the ocean, which no European had ever sailed. The weather, fortunately, remained good, and the navigator called the ocean Pacific. Crossing it, he traveled at least 17 thousand km and discovered many small islands, but inaccurate calculations did not allow them to be identified with any specific points on the map. Only the discovery in early March 1521 of two inhabited islands, Guam and Rota, the southernmost of the Mariana Islands group, is considered indisputable. Magellan called them the Robbers. The islanders stole a boat from the sailors, and the captain-general, landing with a detachment on the shore, burned several native huts.
This voyage lasted almost 4 months. Despite the absence of hurricanes typical for this area, people had a very hard time. They were forced to eat dry dust mixed with worms, drink rotten water, and eat cowhide, sawdust, and ship rats. These creatures seemed almost a delicacy to them and were sold for half a ducat apiece.
The crew suffered from scurvy, many people died. But Magellan continued to confidently lead the squadron forward and once, when asked to return, he said: “We will go forward, even if we have to eat the entire oxhide.”
1521, March 15 - the expedition found itself near the island of Samar (Philippines), and a week later, still moving west, it arrived at the island of Limasawa, where Magellan's slave, the Malayan Enrique, heard his native speech. This meant that the travelers were somewhere near the Spice Islands, i.e. they had almost completed their task.
And yet the navigator sought to reach the treasured islands. But he decided to stay for a while to convert the Filipinos to Christianity.
1521, April 7 - the flotilla dropped anchor off the island of Cebu, where a major port and residence of the Rajah was located. The sincerely religious Magellan insisted that the islanders accept Christianity without counting on any material benefits, but, unwittingly, he convinced the natives that they could only count on favorable treatment from the powerful Spanish king if they renounced the old faith and will begin to worship the cross.
On April 14, the ruler of Cebu, Humabon, decided to be baptized. The cunning Rajah, now called Carlos, enlisted the support of Magellan against his pagan enemies and thus, in one day, subjugated all who challenged his power. In addition, Humabon secured a promise that when Magellan returned to the Philippines at the head of a large fleet, he would make him the sole ruler of all the islands as a reward for the fact that the Rajah was the first to convert to Christianity. Moreover, the rulers of the nearby islands began to be brought to obedience. But the leader of one of these islands, Mactan, named Silapulapu, did not want to submit to Carlos Humabon. Then the navigator decided to use force.
Death of Magellan
1521, April 27 - 60 armed men in armor, with several small guns, boarded boats and headed for Mactan. They were accompanied by several hundred of Humabon's warriors. But luck turned against the Spaniards. The captain general underestimated the enemy, remembering at the wrong time the history of the conquest of Mexico, when a handful of Spaniards were able to take possession of the entire country. In a battle with the warriors of Mactan, his battle-hardened companions were defeated, and the captain-general himself laid down his head. While retreating to the boats, the natives overtook him in the water. Wounded in the arm and leg, the already lame Magellan fell. What happened next is eloquently described by the expedition’s chronicler, Antonio Pigafetta:
“The captain fell face down, and immediately they pelted him with iron and bamboo spears and began to strike him with cutlasses until they destroyed our mirror, our light, our joy and our true leader. He kept turning back to see if we had all managed to get into the boats..."
Subsequent events testified to the correctness of Pigafetta, who called Magellan the “true leader.” Apparently, only he could keep this greedy pack in check, ready at any time to betray.
His successors were unable to maintain their positions. First of all, with feverish haste, they delivered the exchanged goods to the ships. Then one of the new leaders thoughtlessly insulted the Malayan Enrique, and he persuaded Humabon to betray. The Rajah lured some of the Spaniards into a trap and ordered them to be killed, and demanded a ransom for the surviving captain of the Concepcion, Juan Serrau. Seeing him as a rival, Juan Carvalo, who was temporarily appointed commander of the flotilla, abandoned his comrade and ordered the sails to be raised.
About 120 people survived. Using three ships, they groped, often changing course, but finally reached the Moluccas, destroying the worm-eaten Concepcion along the way. Here they are without thinking about possible danger On the part of the local population, where the Spaniards were not very fond of, and the difficulties of the journey to their homeland, they rushed to buy spices. Eventually, the Victoria, under the command of Esteban Elcano, left the Moluccas, while the heavily laden Trinidad remained behind for repairs. Finally, his crew, who made an unsuccessful attempt to reach Panama, was captured. For a long time, its members languished in prisons and on plantations, first in the Moluccas and then on the Banda Islands. Later they were sent to India, where they lived on alms and were under the constant supervision of the authorities. Only five were lucky enough to return to their homeland in 1527.
And "Victoria" under the command of Elcano, carefully avoiding the routes of the Portuguese ships, crossed southern part Indian Ocean, rounded the Cape of Good Hope and through the Cape Verde Islands on September 8, 1522, arrived in the Spanish harbor of San Lucar. Of her crew, only 18 people survived (according to other sources - 30).
The sailors had a hard time at home. Instead of honors, they received public repentance for one “lost” day (as a result of moving through time zones around the earth). From the point of view of the clergy, this could only happen as a result of breaking the fasts.
Elcano, however, received honors. He received a coat of arms depicting a globe with the inscription “You were the first to circle around me,” and a pension of 500 ducats. But no one remembered Magellan.
Descendants were able to appreciate the true role of this remarkable man in history, and, unlike Columbus, it was never disputed. His voyage revolutionized the understanding of the Earth. After this trip, any attempts to deny the sphericity of the planet completely stopped, it was proven that the world ocean is one, ideas about the true size of the globe were obtained, it was finally established that America is an independent continent, and a strait was found between the two oceans. And it is not without reason that Stefan Zweig wrote in his book “Magellan’s Feat”: “Only he enriches humanity who helps him to know himself, who deepens his creative self-awareness. And in this sense, the feat accomplished by Magellan surpasses all the feats of his time.”
Digaleva Maria -7th grade NOCHU secondary school "Razum-L"
Lesson plan Geographical location of the ocean History of ocean exploration Origin Features of nature Economic activities in the ocean Environmental problems
Geographical position of the ocean The Atlantic Ocean stretches from subarctic latitudes to Antarctica. The ocean reaches its greatest width in temperate latitudes and narrows towards the equator. The ocean coastline is strongly dissected in the Northern Hemisphere, and weakly indented in the Southern Hemisphere. Most of the islands lie near the continents.
From the history of ocean exploration. Since ancient times, the Atlantic Ocean began to be developed by man. Navigation centers in Ancient Greece, Carthage, and Scandinavia arose on its shores in different eras. Its waters washed the legendary Atlantis, the geographical position of which in the ocean is still debated by scientists. Ancient Greece Shores of Carthage Scandinavia
The Vikings were the first to cross the Atlantic. Since the Age of Discovery, the Atlantic Ocean has become the main waterway on Earth.
Christopher Columbus Christopher Columbus was the first explorer of the Age of Discovery who dared to cross the Atlantic Ocean. The ships of Christopher Columbus' expedition. Comprehensive exploration of the Atlantic began with the voyage of the Challenger at the end of the 19th century.
Origin of the Atlantic Ocean The Atlantic Ocean is the youngest, formed about 160 million years ago during the collapse of Gondwana. The topography of its bottom is not as complex as in the Pacific Ocean. The gigantic Mid-Atlantic Ridge stretches across the entire Atlantic, almost along the meridian. In the north of the ocean, a ridge comes to the surface - this is the island of Iceland. The ridge divides the ocean bed into two almost equal parts. The ocean floor is occupied by oceanic plains and underwater rises. Vast shelves adjoin the coasts of Europe and North America.
Features of nature Atlantic Ocean Second largest ocean Area - 91.6 million km 2 Volume - 329.7 million km 3 Average depth - 3,600 m Greatest depth - 8,742 m (Puerto Rico Trench)
Temperature and salinity of the ocean The average salinity of the Atlantic Ocean is 34.87‰, the average salinity of its surface waters is 35.3‰, the maximum is more than 37.5‰. Surface water temperatures in the Atlantic are on average lower than those in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. This is explained by the cooling influence of water and ice carried out from the Arctic Ocean and Antarctica, as well as by intense mixing of water masses. Significant differences between water and air temperatures in some areas cause heavy fog to form.
Climate of the Atlantic Ocean Is the Atlantic Ocean the saltiest ocean on Earth? ? Tropical Cyclone Zone
Currents in the Atlantic, unlike the Pacific and Indian Oceans, are not directed along latitude, but almost along the meridians. Currents in the Atlantic Ocean, more active than in other oceans, transport water masses, and with them heat and cold, from one latitude to another. Currents also affect ice conditions. Gulf Stream North Atlantic
Features of the ocean - numerous icebergs and floating sea ice
The tragedy of the Titanic, which collided with an iceberg at full speed, led to the establishment of the International Ice Patrol, which informs all ships about the size, coordinates and drift paths of icebergs. Currents carry icebergs into the open ocean up to 40 0 N latitude. These areas of the Atlantic are dangerous for shipping.
Organic world of the Atlantic Ocean The Atlantic Ocean is rich in commercial fish species: herring, sea bass, cod, mackerel, capelin and others. There are sharks, whales, and seals. The Canary Islands region is rich in lobsters and anchovies. In the northern part there are sea urchins, shellfish.
Economic activities in the Atlantic Ocean Economically developed countries lie on both sides of the ocean. The most important ones pass through the Atlantic sea routes. Since time immemorial, the Atlantic Ocean has been a place of intensive fishing and hunting. Natural conditions The Atlantic is favorable for the development of life, so it is the most productive of all the oceans. Most of the fishing and production of marine products occurs in the northern part of the ocean. The Atlantic Ocean shelves are rich in oil and other mineral deposits.
Transport routes Fishing Recreational resources
Oil production Salt mines Desalination plants
Environmental problems Tens of millions of tons of harmful toxic substances enter the Atlantic Ocean every year
Sources of information: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0% B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD https://yandex.ru/images/search?text =%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8% D0%B9%20%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD&stype=image&lr=213&noreask=1&source=wiz&redircnt=1447341723.1 http://geographyofrussia.com/atlanticheskij-okean/ http:/ /webmandry.com/docs/opisanie/atlanticheskiy-okean-28.html http://megaribolov.ru/index.php/entsiklopediya-rybolova/opisanie-vodoemov/entsiklopediya-okeanov/2023-atlanticheskij-okean
About a young guy named Tom Sower, who, together with a friend, tried to cross the Atlantic in a rowing boat, but was wrecked. Tom told us then that not many people in the whole world have accomplished this feat, and this turned out to be true. And especially few people dared to cross the Atlantic Ocean alone. From a small list (only 95 people on our entire planet), FURFUR selected a few particularly memorable cases when a traveler crossed the Atlantic completely alone.
The first person in the world to dare to cross the Atlantic alone. His whole life, in general, foreshadowed such a turn of events: at the age of 13, he decided to live like Mowgli, and for this purpose he went to the Amazon jungle - and for some time he stayed like that, trading jaguar skins.
At the age of 22, he was strongly drawn to Argentina, where he spent his childhood. There was no money, so he rode there from San Francisco on a bicycle (he got to Venezuela), did some fraudulent business in Panama, tried to hide from the cooperators and finally got to Argentina, but on horseback. When it came to the Atlantic, he was already 32 years old, and this test was not the worst. He later swam from San Francisco to Australia with his wife (the first woman who agreed to such madness), but that’s another story.
Tom McClean crossed the Atlantic Ocean almost simultaneously with Fairfax - literally four months later, but from east to west. True, Tom is also known for repeating the feat in 1982, but on a tiny boat just over three meters long. In subsequent years, Tom never calmed down and crossed the Atlantic five more times, despite the fact that his wife and two children were waiting for him on the shore. In general, a desperate guy.
As for the southern part of the Atlantic, Amir Klink was the first to cross it. Especially for him, a Brazilian company developed and produced powdered freeze-dried food (a type of soft-dried canned food in which it is frozen, from there it is placed in a vacuum chamber, where the solvent is removed or sublimated from it. - Note ed.) so that he could feed in the open ocean, like an astronaut in outer space.
In 2002, he was tired of the memories of the feat accomplished in the south, so he turned 180 degrees and traveled around the Arctic Circle. And he was also the very first to do this, because this route had not been explored by anyone before. He wrote many books about his travels and is still alive and well.
The first woman to sail solo across the Atlantic in a rowing boat. She prefers to call herself not a traveler, but a discoverer. Despite the very natural science interest that this adventure represents, Tori Murden is, as they say, a humanist - a bachelor's degree in psychology, a master's degree in theology, and a master's degree in fine arts. In short, with such baggage, of course, there is nothing to do on solid ground, so, having graduated from all her universities, at the age of 36 she got into a boat and sailed across the ocean.
This proud Odessa resident is the first person from the CIS to travel across the Atlantic on a rowing boat. Like any normal Soviet person, Theodor attended sports sections and clubs in all possible disciplines. Therefore, by the time of his journey he turned out to be a professional athlete, artist, sailor and, probably, wonderful person. Theodore crossed the Atlantic 14th in the world (among single swimmers).
During his 62 years, Fyodor Konyukhov sailed around the world four times and crossed the Atlantic 15 times. Of these, once - on a rowing boat (and it is believed that this is the most best result on a classic boat).
Member Russian Academy arts (wrote more than four thousand paintings), the Writers' Union (he already has nine books to his name), sea captain, honorary citizen of nine regions of the world, the first Russian to conquer the Grand Slam (North and South Poles, Everest).
In short, if you set yourself the goal of surpassing Fedor Konyukhov in terms of adventures and achievements on a global scale, then you need to start earlier, at about five years old.
This enterprising Frenchman set a world record for the fastest solo swim across the Atlantic. His example as a whole shows how hot the fire of life burns in a person, which does not allow him to sit down for a second: he went on a solo trip to Antarctica (550 km, by the way), went to both poles, on ski expeditions to Kabul, to Everest, and so on further. He crossed the Atlantic several times, and did it twice: alone, without anyone else's help, and in the company of a friend, but without stopping.
To date, Katie is the youngest sailor to cross the Atlantic alone: she was only 22 years old when she ventured on this journey. It should be noted here that such a journey did not happen suddenly - at the age of 18, this girl from Ohio ran a marathon, some time later she rode five thousand kilometers across the States on a bicycle and became the first person to travel 566 km along the Allegheny River (this is such a healthy tributary of the Ohio River in Pennsylvania).
At the same time, Katie was working with two environmental charities and looking for ways to help the planet, so she decided to take a rowing boat across the Atlantic. the best way attracting finance to Blue Planet Run. And she turned out to be right - the trip brought the fund 150 thousand dollars.
