The development of medicine has pushed the causes of death away from infectious diseases. So, in the first place were diseases, one way or another associated with metabolic disorders. Main reasons deaths serve pathological changes blood coagulation system. The resulting blood clots cause blockage of blood vessels and, as a result, the development of heart attacks: myocardium, kidneys, brain (stroke). The beginning of the process is preceded by a violation of food processing, that is, metabolic syndrome, which is currently declared a pandemic of the 21st century. This is due to a sedentary lifestyle and dietary errors. The deposition of fat reserves in the body leads to disruption of the regulation of metabolism, which is divided into two components:
An imbalance between these processes leads to a redistribution of energy towards accumulation, which occurs in the fat depot. This is how metabolic syndrome develops, the symptoms of which appear vascular disorders in all organs. But first of all, medium-diameter vessels suffer: arteries and veins.
The set of symptoms leading to metabolic disorders has one single cause - insulin resistance. The following factors contribute to its development:
Genetic analysis of pedigrees reveals a predisposition to the development of insulin resistance after one generation. That is, if a grandmother or grandfather had metabolic syndrome, then the granddaughter or grandson is at risk from birth.
People living in extreme conditions rarely develop obesity. The body adjusts to energy expenditure when necessary. Fat reserves are practically not deposited. This condition is inherited, but environmental factors make significant amendments to the underlying genotype. A person finds himself in favorable conditions, energy is not spent, but is stored “for a rainy day.”
The most common version of the development of insulin resistance is physical inactivity in combination with foods containing large amounts of carbohydrates. They are easily broken down, and the saved energy is used for the synthesis of adipose tissue, which is an endocrine organ that requires a constant supply of “fuel”.
However, people with a genetic predisposition develop metabolic syndrome more quickly, and clinical manifestations his is heavier.
Insulin resistance literally means “unresponsive to insulin.” Insulin is the main hormone metabolic processes. Circulating in the blood nutrients Without the participation of insulin, they cannot penetrate into cells to produce energy. A paradoxical situation arises: there is a lot of glucose in the blood, but the cells experience an acute shortage of carbohydrates. The state of insulin resistance is compensated for some time by increased secretion of the hormone by the pancreas. Then a complete clinical picture develops, characterizing the metabolic syndrome, the symptoms of which are similar to type II diabetes mellitus. The islets of Langerhans in the pancreas become depleted and the production of its own insulin stops.
Metabolic syndrome has the following characteristics:
Complications of metabolic syndrome are similar to those of type II diabetes mellitus.
If signs of insulin resistance are detected, the first step is to change your lifestyle. The lack of physical activity at work and at home is compensated by classes physical culture. It is recommended to start with daily morning exercises.
Quit smoking and alcohol. Both substances have irritant effect on the cannabinoid system, which leads to increased appetite and lack of control over the amount of food consumed.
Changing your diet prevents further development metabolic syndrome, recommendations for treatment of which are primarily aimed at weight loss. Losing weight by 10% of the initial weight reduces the risk by the same percentage cardiovascular diseases.
Important! You should not force weight loss. Losing more than 10% of weight per year leads to increased stress on the cardiovascular and endocrine systems.
In addition to following doctor's orders, if you are obese, you must constantly follow a diet. Returning to your previous lifestyle will cause a relapse of the disease, which is why it is recommended to radically change it.
For metabolic syndrome, the diet includes the exclusion of seasonings that increase appetite. Limiting spicy and salty foods also helps reduce the amount of food and drinks. However, giving up meat is not recommended. It is only necessary to limit their use to once a day.
Limiting or completely eliminating glucose from the diet is achieved by taking sweeteners, which contain a small amount of calories and do not affect insulin synthesis.
To normalize activities gastrointestinal tract Products containing plant fiber are recommended: cabbage, legumes, dried fruits.
In order to prevent the development of arterial hypertension, it is necessary to limit the intake of table salt, replacing it with lemon juice.
When metabolic syndrome develops, the diet is not limited to a set of dishes; it is important to establish a diet: up to 6 times a day with the last meal 3 hours before bedtime. The nature of food intake is also important. You need to eat as slowly as possible, without rushing. Eating quickly does not contribute to satiety until the walls of the overfilled stomach stretch. With the slow absorption of foods, they begin to be processed by enzymes in the oral cavity, and the saturation center already receives signals from the receptors of the gastrointestinal tract.
Obesity is recognized as a disease throughout the world, but its development depends on the people themselves. If you tend to be overweight, you need to monitor your health by following a diet and healthy image life.
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Metabolic syndrome in women is not considered an independent disease. This is a complex of metabolic and work disorders cardiovascular system. The disease is called a “pandemic” of the 21st century, as it occurs in almost every second woman after 50 years of age and in 40% of men.
What is metabolic syndrome? This combination metabolic disorders. This term began to be used not so long ago. The American scientist Gerald Riven first defined metabolic dysfunction at the end of the 20th century in his works. In simple terms, with this syndrome, four pathologies “coexist” in the body:
This combination was called the “deadly quartet.” It is the culprit of atherosclerosis, stroke, and heart attack. The disease affects women during menopause. IN recent years the disease has become very “younger”. Among women under 30 years of age, metabolic syndrome occurs in 25% of cases. The sad statistics are complemented by children and adolescents, 7% of whom are susceptible to the disease.
With metabolic syndrome, women develop tissue insensitivity to insulin (insulin resistance). It is believed that insulin resistance is the trigger for the development of arterial hypertension, accumulation of visceral fat, and lipid metabolism disorders.
The main reasons for the development of MS are considered to be:
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Menopausal women are at risk for developing metabolic dysfunction. During this period, the secretion of estrogen decreases. Hormonal imbalance is the cause of lipid metabolism disorders. And testosterone continues to be produced in the same amount. This leads to the accumulation of fat around the internal organs (visceral fat).
If a woman leads a sedentary lifestyle and eats poorly, male-type obesity occurs. Fat is deposited in the abdominal area. This explains the high percentage of MS in women over 50 years of age.
Manifestations of metabolic syndrome can be external and internal. Main external sign MS is an increase in waist circumference of more than 88 cm, a pronounced “beer belly”.
Internal symptoms are:
In addition to the above symptoms, laboratory blood parameters indicate the presence of MS in a woman:
If available at the same time several symptoms can indicate the development of metabolic syndrome. 
When making a diagnosis, it is necessary to differentiate MS from diseases with a similar clinical picture. For example, with Itsenko-Cushing syndrome, the same type of obesity is observed. But this disease is characterized by the presence of a tumor in the adrenal glands.
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The endocrinologist begins the diagnosis by interviewing the patient. The following points are taken into account:
Then the patient’s height and weight and waist circumference are measured. Body mass index is calculated. To do this, weight in kilograms is divided by height in centimeters squared. A BMI over 30 is considered obese.
Basic examinations for diagnosing MS:
Determining the cause of obesity helps determine the treatment strategy for MS.
If left untreated, metabolic syndrome will lead to disruption of the functioning of internal organs. Complications of MS are:
Since the cause of the development of MS is poor absorption of insulin by cells, it is impossible to completely correct this disorder, since dysmetabolic disorders are often genetically determined. Treatment of metabolic syndrome is symptomatic and is aimed at eliminating the consequences of hormonal imbalances and preventing complications.
The main directions in the fight against metabolic syndrome:
These methods are interconnected and should be used in combination.
Weight loss is the primary goal to eliminate MS. To do this it is necessary to increase physical activity. During sports, metabolism improves and fat breakdown accelerates. Training helps. As a result, a person’s mood improves, cravings for sweets decrease, and cell sensitivity to insulin increases.
Exercise should be moderate, enjoyable, and not make you feel worse. Important principles of physical education are moderation and regularity. The choice of sport depends on the patient’s well-being and availability chronic diseases. If there are disturbances in the functioning of the kidneys or heart, then you can do exercise therapy or just do daily hiking. Morning exercises energize you.
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Some conditions are contraindications to sports activities. You cannot exercise if:
Diet for metabolic syndrome is the second effective method of therapy. Basic principles of nutrition:
Are prohibited the following types products:
The basis of the diet of a patient with MS is:
Drug therapy consists of the use of the following groups of drugs:
Rosuvastin
Fenofibrate
Metformin
Glucophage
Aspirin cardio
Alpha lipoic acid
Felodipin
Captopril
Estradiol
In case of severe obesity, the doctor may prescribe drugs that prevent the absorption of fat in the intestines (Orlistat, Xenical).
Important! Appetite suppressants (Reduxin) should not be used to treat MS. Similar drugs further increase insulin resistance.
Radical methods are operations to reduce the volume of the stomach: banding, gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy.
Prevention of metabolic syndrome involves preventing metabolic disorders. This is expressed as follows:
If the disease begins to be treated early stage, before the onset of serious changes in the body, the prognosis is favorable. The development of metabolic syndrome threatens a third of the world's population. A proper lifestyle can reduce risks to a minimum.
– a symptom complex manifested by impaired metabolism of fats and carbohydrates, increased blood pressure. Patients develop arterial hypertension, obesity, insulin resistance and ischemia of the heart muscle. Diagnostics includes examination by an endocrinologist, determination of body mass index and waist circumference, assessment of the lipid spectrum, blood glucose. If necessary, an ultrasound examination of the heart is performed and daily measurement HELL. Treatment consists of lifestyle changes: active sports, special diet, normalization of weight and hormonal status.
Metabolic syndrome has no obvious clinical symptoms, pathology is often diagnosed on late stage after complications occur. Diagnostics include:
Metabolic disorders should be differentiated from the disease and Itsenko-Cushing syndrome. If difficulties arise, a determination of daily urinary cortisol excretion, a dexamethasone test, and tomography of the adrenal glands or pituitary gland are performed. Differential diagnosis metabolic disorder is also carried out with autoimmune thyroiditis, hypothyroidism, pheochromocytoma and ovarian stromal hyperplasia syndrome. In this case, the levels of ACTH, prolactin, FSH, LH, and thyroid-stimulating hormone are additionally determined.
Treatment of syndrome X involves complex therapy aimed at normalizing weight, blood pressure parameters, laboratory parameters and hormonal levels.
At timely diagnosis and treatment of metabolic syndrome, the prognosis is favorable. Late detection of pathology and absence complex therapy causes serious complications from the kidneys and cardiovascular system. Prevention of the syndrome includes rational nutrition, giving up bad habits, regular exercise. It is necessary to control not only weight, but also figure parameters (waist circumference). If there are associated endocrine diseases(hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus) it is recommended to undergo clinical observation by an endocrinologist and study hormonal levels.
Metabolic syndrome is a set of changes associated with metabolic disorders. The hormone insulin is no longer perceived by cells and does not perform its functions. In this case, insulin resistance or insensitivity to insulin develops, which leads to impaired absorption of glucose by cells, as well as pathological changes in all systems and tissues.
Today, according to the 10th International Classification of Diseases, metabolic syndrome is not considered a separate disease. This is a condition when the body simultaneously suffers from four diseases:
Statistics on metabolic syndrome.
In developed countries, where the majority of the population leads a sedentary lifestyle, 10-25% of people over 30 years of age suffer from these disorders. In the older age group, the figures increase to 40%. So in Europe the number of patients exceeded 50 million people. Over the next quarter century, the incidence will increase by 50%.
Over the past two decades, the number of patients among children and adolescents has increased to 6.5%. This alarming statistic has been linked to carbohydrate addiction.
Metabolic syndrome primarily affects men. Women are at risk of this disease during and after menopause. In women over 50 years of age, the risk of developing metabolic syndrome increases 5 times.
Unfortunately, modern medicine unable to cure metabolic syndrome. However, there is some good news. Most of the changes that develop as a result of metabolic syndrome are reversible. Competent treatment, proper nutrition and a healthy lifestyle help stabilize the condition for a long time.
The development of metabolic syndrome is based on insulin insensitivity - insulin resistance. This phenomenon can be caused by a number of reasons.
Subjective sensations in metabolic syndrome
Blood pressure readings (without using antihypertensive drugs)
Laboratory symptoms of metabolic syndrome
At biochemical research blood levels in people with metabolic syndrome show significant deviations from the norm.
Endocrinologists treat metabolic syndrome. But given that various pathological changes occur in the patient’s body, consultation may be required: a therapist, a cardiologist, or a nutritionist. At an appointment with a doctor (endocrinologist)
Survey
At the appointment, the doctor collects anamnesis and compiles a medical history. The survey helps determine what causes led to obesity and the development of metabolic syndrome:
If the index is between 25-30, this indicates excess weight. Index values over 30 indicate obesity.
For example, a woman’s weight is 90 kg, height is 160 cm. 90/160 = 35.16, which indicates obesity. 
| Group of drugs | Mechanism of treated action | Representatives | How to take |
| Treatment of lipid metabolism disorders | |||
| Lipid-lowering drugs (statins and fibrates) | They reduce intracellular cholesterol synthesis and help remove “bad cholesterol” from the bloodstream. Fibrates reduce uric acid levels by allowing its salts to be absorbed by the kidneys. | Rosuvastatin | Take 5-10 mg of the drug once a day. After 4 weeks, the doctor evaluates your blood cholesterol levels and may increase the dose. |
| Fenofibrate | Take the drug 2 times a day: 2 capsules with breakfast and 1 capsule with dinner. | ||
| Treatment of insulin resistance and glucose control | |||
| Drugs to reduce insulin resistance | They improve the entry of glucose into the cell without stimulating insulin production. They slow down the production of fatty acids and accelerate the process of converting glucose into glycogen. Improves the binding of insulin to cell receptors, increasing tissue sensitivity to it. | Metformin | The dosage is determined depending on the blood glucose level: 1-4 tablets. The daily dose is divided into 2-3 doses. Consume after meals. |
| Drugs that increase insulin sensitivity | The drugs slow down the absorption of glucose from the intestines, reduce glucose production in the liver and increase the sensitivity of cells to insulin. Reduce appetite and help get rid of excess weight. | Siofor Glucophage | The initial dosage is 500-850 mg 2-3 times a day with meals. After 2 weeks, dose adjustment is necessary taking into account blood glucose levels. |
| Vitamins | Alpha lipoic acid regulates liver function and improves cholesterol metabolism. Improves glucose uptake in skeletal muscles. | Alpha lipone | Take 1 tablet 2-3 times a day for 3-4 weeks. |
| Drugs that normalize metabolism and blood pressure | |||
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors | Block the action of an enzyme that causes vasoconstriction. They expand the lumen of blood vessels, reduce blood pressure, and facilitate the work of the heart. | Captopril | The drug is taken on an empty stomach 3 times a day. Daily dose from 25 to 150 mg. |
| Enalapril | 0.01 g 1 time per day, regardless of meals. | ||
| Calcium antagonists or calcium channel blockers | They lower blood pressure, reduce the need for oxygen in the heart muscle and at the same time improve its nutrition. They have a weak diuretic effect. | Felodipin | Take 1 tablet (5 mg) once a day. Consume regardless of food. |
| Obesity treatment | |||
| Fat absorption inhibitors | They reduce the activity of digestive enzymes and thus interfere with the breakdown and absorption of fat in the small intestine. | Xenical | Take one capsule (120 mg) with each main meal or no later than an hour after meals. |
| Orlistat | Take 120 mg with the main meal 3 times a day. If the food contains little fat, then orlistat may not be taken. | ||
| Drugs that act on the central nervous system and suppress appetite | Model eating behavior, reduce the need for food, reduce appetite. Helps cope with hunger while dieting. | Fluoxetine | The antidepressant is prescribed 1-3 tablets throughout the day after meals. |
Physical training for metabolic syndrome.
During exercise, the body burns fat reserves. In addition, metabolism accelerates, so even at rest, the body continues to process fats into energy.
Thanks to training, happiness hormones - endorphins - are produced in the brain. These substances not only improve your mood, but also help control your appetite and reduce cravings for carbohydrates. Therefore, when a feeling of hunger arises, healthy protein foods help overcome it.
Good mood and well-being, increased sensitivity to insulin and a slim figure and slowing down the aging process, increased performance - bonuses from regular exercise.
A few rules that will help you cope more effectively with obesity.
Anaerobic exercise or strength training(when muscles work under oxygen deficiency) help improve metabolism and reduce insulin resistance by increasing the number of glucose transporters. Strength exercises make muscle relief more noticeable, strengthen bones and joints, and allow you to become much stronger. Strength training good for young men and women.
The exercises are performed at a fast pace and require significant effort. They call sharp pain in working muscles. This occurs because microtears appear in the muscle fibers and lactic acid accumulates in the muscle tissue.
It is believed that these exercises increase insulin sensitivity, but they can only be performed by people with healthy heart. Anaerobic exercises include:
Aerobic exercise performed slowly with low or medium intensity. At the same time, the muscles are well supplied with oxygen and subcutaneous fat is burned. Aerobic exercise is also called cardio training, it prevents heart disease, improves lung function and helps fight stress. Aerobic exercises include:
A lightweight training option. If complications arise in the kidneys (nephropathy) or in the eyes (retinopathy), then use easy complex physical exercise. It does not cause an increase in pressure and does not increase the load on diseased organs. Lightweight workouts strengthen joints, improve coordination of movements and activate metabolic processes.
During classes, dumbbells (or plastic bottles with water) weighing 300-500 g are used. The following types of exercises are performed:
Proper nutrition for metabolic syndrome.
The main goal of the metabolic syndrome diet is to limit the intake of carbohydrates and fats. This will help stop obesity and gradually get rid of excess weight.
Modern nutritionists are against fasting and low-calorie diets. In this case, a person is constantly haunted by a feeling of hunger, so only people with a strong will can adhere to such a diet. A diet with limited carbohydrates (low carb) is tasty and satisfying. A variety of dishes can be prepared from permitted products.
Low-calorie diets are being undermined immune protection from viruses and bacteria. This is due to the fact that the body does not receive enough proteins and vitamins necessary for work immune system. A low-carbohydrate diet, on the contrary, strengthens the immune system and normalizes intestinal microflora, thanks to protein and fermented milk products, fruits and vegetables.
A low-carb diet should become a lifelong nutritional system. The calorie content of the daily diet is 1600-1900 kilocalories. You need to eat often 4-5 times a day, but in small portions. This diet helps avoid hunger.
Sample menu for the day
Breakfast: buckwheat porridge with butter, hard-boiled egg or omelet, tea or juice.
Lunch: fruits.
Dinner: vegetable soup with sour cream (without frying and without meat), stewed vegetables vegetable oil, boiled meat, unsweetened compote.
Dinner: fresh vegetable salad, baked or boiled fish 150-200 g, tea.
Second dinner: kefir or unsweetened yogurt.
Today, the leaders in mortality are diseases of the cardiovascular system (stroke, myocardial infarction) and type 2 diabetes, so humanity has been persistently fighting these diseases for a long time. At the core preventive measures The answer to any disease is to eliminate risk factors.
Metabolic syndrome is a term used in medical practice for early detection and elimination of risk factors for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. At its core, metabolic syndrome is a group of risk factors for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.
Disorders included in the metabolic syndrome remain undetected for a long time. Often they begin to form in childhood or adolescence and form the causes of diabetes, atherosclerotic diseases, arterial hypertension.
Often in obese patients; slightly elevated blood glucose levels; blood pressure at upper limit norms, due attention is not paid. The patient receives medical attention only when the risk criteria lead to the development of a serious illness.
It is important that such factors are identified and corrected as early as possible, and not when cardiac arrest looms on the horizon.
For the convenience of practicing doctors and patients themselves, clear criteria have been established, thanks to which it has become possible to make a diagnosis of “metabolic syndrome” with minimal examination.
Today, most medical specialists use a single definition that characterizes metabolic syndrome in women and men.
It was proposed by the International Diabetes Federation: a set of abdominal obesity with any two additional criteria (arterial hypertension, impaired carbohydrate metabolism, dyslipidemia).
First, it’s worth taking a closer look at metabolic syndrome, its criteria and symptoms.
The main and mandatory indicator is abdominal obesity. What is it? With abdominal obesity, adipose tissue is deposited mainly in the abdominal area. This kind of obesity is also called “android” or “apple-type.” It is important to note and.
“Gynoid” or “pear-type” obesity is characterized by the deposition of fatty tissue in the thighs. But this type of obesity does not have such serious consequences as the previous one, therefore it does not apply to the criteria for metabolic syndrome and will not be considered in this topic.
To determine the degree of abdominal obesity, you need to take a centimeter and measure your waist circumference at the middle of the distance between the ends iliac bones and costal arches. Waist size in a man belonging to Caucasian race, more than 94 cm, is an indicator of abdominal obesity. A woman’s waist circumference is more than 80 cm, which signals the same thing.
Obesity rates for the Asian nation are more severe. For men, the permissible volume is 90 cm, for women it remains the same - 80 cm.
Pay attention! The cause of obesity can be not only overeating and wrong image life. This pathology can be caused by serious endocrine or genetic diseases!
Therefore, if the symptoms listed below are present individually or in combination, you should contact your doctor as soon as possible. medical center for examination by an endocrinologist who will exclude or confirm secondary forms of obesity:
Other criteria:
If the symptoms are vague and the pathology is not clear, the attending physician prescribes additional examination. Diagnosis of metabolic syndrome is as follows:
First of all, the patient must radically change his lifestyle. In second place is drug therapy.
Lifestyle changes mean:
Without following these rules, treatment medicines will not bring tangible results.
Very strict diets and, especially, fasting for metabolic syndrome are not recommended. Body weight should decrease gradually (5-10% in the first year). If the weight decreases rapidly, it will be very difficult for the patient to maintain it at the achieved level. In most cases, the kilograms lost suddenly come back again.
Changing your diet will be much healthier and more effective:
Carbonated drinks, fast food, confectionery, and white bread should be excluded from the diet. Vegetable soups should predominate, and lean varieties of beef are used as meat products. Poultry and fish should be steamed or boiled.
For cereals, it is recommended to use buckwheat and oatmeal; rice, millet, and pearl barley are allowed. But semolina It is advisable to limit or eliminate it altogether. You can clarify so that everything is calculated correctly.
Nutritionists advise consuming vegetables such as beets, carrots, and potatoes no more than 200 grams. per day. But zucchini, radishes, lettuce, cabbage, bell peppers, cucumbers and tomatoes can be eaten without restrictions. These vegetables are rich in fiber and therefore very healthy.
You can eat berries and fruits, but not more than 200-300 grams. per day. Milk and dairy products should have minimal fat content. You can eat 1-2 glasses of cottage cheese or kefir a day, but heavy cream and sour cream should be consumed only occasionally.
For drinks, you can drink weak coffee, tea, tomato juice, juices and compotes from sour fruits without sugar and preferably homemade.
It is recommended to increase physical activity gradually. In case of metabolic syndrome, preference should be given to running, walking, swimming, and gymnastics. It is important that the loads are regular and compared with the patient’s capabilities.
In order to cure the syndrome, you need to get rid of obesity, arterial hypertension, carbohydrate metabolism disorders, and dyslipidemia.
Today, metabolic syndrome is treated with metformin, the dose of which is adjusted to control blood glucose levels. Usually at the beginning of treatment it is 500-850 mg.
Pay attention! The drug is prescribed to elderly people with caution, and metformin is contraindicated for patients with impaired liver and kidney function.
The drug is usually well tolerated, but side effects in the form gastrointestinal disorders are still present. Therefore, it is recommended to take metformin after or during meals.
If the diet is violated or if the drug is overdosed, hypoglycemia may develop. Symptoms of the condition are expressed by trembling and weakness throughout the body, anxiety, and a feeling of hunger. Therefore, blood glucose levels must be carefully monitored.
Ideally, the patient should have a glucometer at home, which allows him to regularly monitor his blood sugar levels at home; for example, this can be used.
Orlistat (Xenical) is quite popular in the treatment of obesity today. Take it no more than three times a day, during the main meal.
If the food in your diet is not fatty, you can skip taking the drug. The action of the drug is based on reducing the absorption of fats in the intestines. For this reason, if you increase fat in your diet, unpleasant side effects may occur:
Patients with dyslipidemia, if long-term diet therapy is ineffective, are prescribed lipid-lowering drugs from the groups of fibrates and statins. These medications have significant limitations and serious side effects when used. Therefore, only the attending physician should prescribe them.
Drugs that lower blood pressure used for metabolic syndrome contain angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (lisinopril, enalapril), imidosaline receptor agonists (moxonidine, rilmenidine), calcium channel blockers (amlodipine).
