Through the oral cavity, with food and breathing, a variety of pathogenic microflora penetrates into the body. That is why the mucous membrane oral cavity becomes the main obstacle to unwanted “intrusions.” The local immunity of the oral cavity must work harmoniously to keep the internal environment clean. The structural integrity of the barrier is important, otherwise the oral immune system will not cope with its task.
The mucous membranes of local immunity perform a number of important functions:
The immunity of the oral area has a specific effect, since it must daily contain the pressure of “enemy agents”. This is why he is most vulnerable. The epithelium of the oral cavity is protected by lymphoid tissue, membranes (for example, cell membranes of the gums), salivary and gingival fluid, and secretory substances.
All fluids are secreted from the epithelial membranes that support local immunity in the mouth. They contain special compounds that can resist infection. This area is protected by the tonsils, the lymphoid drainage system in the lymph nodes.
Lymphoid tissue contains lymphoid substance, and saliva contains lymphocytes of the type A and immunoglobulins type G And M. At copious discharge saliva may increase this percentage of protective proteins. The formation of class antibodies is constantly underway IgM And IgG as a protective reaction of the body to the introduction of foreign agents.
Nonspecific protection is also carried out due to enzymes and proteins of various natures. Thus, immune reactions in the mouth and pharynx ensure the safety of the internal environment and maintain the balance of microflora.
Important: During evolution, there was a separation of the general immune system and the local system, although they continue to remain closely related to each other. 300-400 sq. m. is the surface of epithelial tissues, the protection of which requires powerful immune support. The main role in this case is given to immunoglobulins slgA.
Oral mucosal immunity is affected by various diseases. For pathologies associated with the mucous membrane in the mouth, there is the following classification:
Important: Oral diseases do not occur so often, which is due to the special structure of the mucous membrane and its secretions. In addition, powerful mechanisms operate in the oral cavity to prevent the inflammatory process.
Due to internal failures and external factors the infection gets the opportunity to develop inside the body. Oral diseases and weakening of the local barrier are possible for a number of reasons:
The mouth creates a suitable environment for microorganisms. With a strong and healthy immune system, pathogenic microflora lives here without manifesting itself in any way. But any factor that weakens the protective barrier leads to the growth of bacterial colonies. Macrophages are eliminated (die), and antibodies do not show their protective properties to the fullest. You can increase your oral immunity by carrying out a number of activities.
The condition of the oral cavity directly depends on the condition of the gastrointestinal tract. It is important to establish a protective function digestive system, where beneficial microflora should predominate. In the presence of a large number of colonies of pathogenic and opportunistic bacteria, the number of beneficial ones is significantly reduced. The problem is solved by taking prebiotics and probiotics, which can restore the growth of beneficial microorganisms. These include: Acidophilus, Unibacter, Inulin (prebiotic), Santa-Rus-B, Lactis, Vetom.
They do not harm the body, since they contain only natural ingredients. The drugs do not contribute to addiction, without side effects and have no contraindications. To maintain and strengthen protective forces body use a unique drug - Transfer factor. It contains three fractions, each of which has a positive effect on the protective barrier: 
Transfer factor has no analogues with a similar composition and is a unique immunomodulator. The following actions will help boost oral immunity:
At the right approach it is possible to maintain the normal condition of the oral cavity and its immune defense, preventing its damage by pathogens.
In case of pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract that affect the condition of the oral cavity, they are first treated, since this is the main disease. When pathology develops independently, drugs of an antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal nature are used. Specific medicine depends on the specific pathogen. It is available in the form of aerosols, lozenges or rinses.
Important: Local application is most effective, since the medicine immediately affects the area of inflammation, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract. The products contain an antiseptic that helps fight pathogens.
Medicinal plants can also help fight infection. They perfectly relieve inflammation and normalize the condition of the mucous membrane. Swelling on the mucous membrane can be relieved by acting on it tannins, contained in oak bark, chamomile, blackberries, blueberries. 
Local hypovitaminosis is well relieved by applications with infusions of currants, pine needles, rose hips, and strawberries. Medicinal fees used for severe swelling and inflammation. They're filming unpleasant symptoms and help speed recovery.
To increase general immunity, which also affects local immunity, teas and decoctions, tinctures and vitamin mixtures. They include ginger, ginseng, echinacea, lemongrass, and rose hips. They will support you on cloudy and slushy days, in the off-season, honey, nuts, prunes, raisins, dried apricots, from which healthy and tasty nutritional mixtures are prepared.
The immunity of the oral mucosa must be maintained high level. Here there are processes to destroy pathogenic microflora that comes to us from the outside. If this protection is violated, the gates will open for free penetration into the body. foreign bodies. And then immune system you will have to work to the limit of your strength and capabilities.
For quotation: Effective protection of the oral mucosa // RMJ. 2000. No. 1. P. 53
The oral mucosa, populated by a variety of microorganisms, is a place of delicate balance between the local bacterial flora and the body's defenses. When the body's defenses are weakened due to excessive proliferation of bacteria or when general and especially local immune defenses decrease, the balance is disturbed, which contributes to the development of a focus of infection in the oral mucosa. The mucous membrane of the mouth is extremely intensively supplied with blood, has a relatively large surface, so it forms entrance gate for the penetration of infections into the body and serves as a place of colonization and infection by potentially pathogenic microorganisms in the event of overstrain of the body’s natural defenses. The body's defenses include general and local factors. Local protection is provided by the integrity of the oral mucosa, the composition of saliva and lymphoid tissue. The integrity of the oral mucosa is the best guarantee of a good physiological barrier to infection. Due to the high content of immunoglobulins of the IgG, IgM and IgA classes, delivered along with the bloodstream or formed locally, the mucous membrane is involved in the creation of specific humoral immunity of the oral cavity. The protective factors of saliva are determined not only by its mechanical properties, but also depend on the biological compounds dissolved in it that can cause cell lysis. These substances include lysozyme, which has bactericidal effect. In addition, saliva contains polymorphonuclear neutrophils, which have high bactericidal activity against oral microflora. Finally, secretory IgA contained in saliva is a powerful factor of local protection. Lymphoid tissue of the oral cavity includes: palatine, lingual and nasopharyngeal tonsils; lymphocytes and plasma cells salivary glands, taking part in the synthesis of secretory IgA; accumulations of lymphoid tissue on the gums; lymphoid cells of the lamina propria of the mucous membrane. Major inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity Gingivitis, periodontitis and stomatitis are among the most common diseases of the oral cavity. Gingivitis is an inflammatory disease of the gums, characterized by hyperemia, swelling and bleeding of the gums with minimal trauma. The main cause of the disease is poor oral hygiene, which results in the formation of dental plaque(colonies of microorganisms closely associated with the tooth surface). Local factors are also of considerable importance: improperly applied fillings and dentures, mouth breathing, food debris, tartar. Gingivitis often occurs in systemic diseases, diabetes mellitus and other endocrine disorders, in adolescents and pregnant women. Without treatment, gingivitis often progresses to periodontitis. Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth, progressing to the destruction of the tissue of the interdental septa. Periodontitis develops under the influence of the same local and common factors, which is gingivitis. For late stages The disease is characterized by tooth loss, and it is believed that periodontitis is the most common cause tooth loss in adults. Stomatitis is an inflammatory disease of the oral mucosa. Stomatitis is often a sign systemic disease. Possible reasons stomatitis – infection, injury, irritating and toxic substances, allergic and autoimmune diseases, vitamin deficiency, leukemia and agranulocytosis. The main symptoms of the disease include hyperemia and swelling, itching, burning and dryness of the oral mucosa. Ulcerative stomatitis may be accompanied by halitosis and saliva mixed with blood. The persistence and recurrent nature of such inflammatory lesions requires not only the usual hygiene measures for the care of the oral cavity and teeth, but with appropriate, reasonable therapy aimed at stimulating the protective forces of the oral mucosa. Therapy of inflammatory diseases of the oral mucosa In light of the above pathophysiological data, the immunological way of solving the problem allows us to offer treatment that has two main effects - treatment of active inflammatory disease of the oral cavity and prevention of its relapses. One of the most effective drugs For the treatment of inflammatory lesions of the oral mucosa, the immunostimulant of biological origin Imudon is used. The drug is based on a polyvalent antigenic complex, which includes bacterial lysates microorganisms that most often cause infectious processes in the oral cavity: Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus fermentatum, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus lactis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus sanguis, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Corynebacterium pseudodiphteriticum, Fusiformis fu siformis, Candida albicans. Mechanisms of action and clinical effectiveness of Imudon The main mechanisms of action of Imudon are: increased phagocytic activity due to qualitative and quantitative improvement of phagocytosis; increased content of lysozyme in saliva; stimulation and increase in the number of immunocompetent cells responsible for the production of antibodies; stimulation and increase in the number of secretory immunoglobulins IgA; slowing down the oxidative metabolism of polymorphonuclear cells. Studies conducted by G. Jeanniard at the Laennec clinic (Paris) showed a significant increase in the content of lysozyme and immunoglobulins in saliva during treatment with Imudon (Table 1). In a recent study based on the Department of Pediatric therapeutic dentistry MGMSU (head of department - Prof. V.M. Elizarova) studied the effectiveness of Imudon therapy for acute herpetic stomatitis in 80 children aged 1 to 4.5 years. Along with antiviral therapy, patients were prescribed Imudon 6-8 tablets for 5-7 days for mild disease, 8-10 days for moderate severity disease, 15 days – for severe cases. Imudon reduced clinical symptoms such as pain and bleeding gums; in addition, positive dynamics of lysozyme and secretory IgA in saliva were observed (Table 2). The addition of Imudon to standard therapy shortened the time for epithelization of herpetic elements and recovery (Table 2). Thanks to the pleasant mint taste, the children took it with pleasure; no complications or side effects of the drug were noted. Thus, Imudon, due to its anti-inflammatory effect and correction of local immunity, is highly effective in the treatment of acute herpetic stomatitis in children. At the Institute of Allergology and Clinical Immunology (Moscow), Imudon was studied in 88 patients with various diseases oral cavity (see Table 4). The clinical effect manifested itself on the 3-4th day of taking the drug in the form of a decrease in inflammation and soreness of the oral mucosa. Clinical recovery occurred in 24% of patients, significant improvement and improvement in 71%, the best results were obtained with stomatitis. Repeated courses of Imudon therapy for chronic diseases(recurrent oropharyngeal candidiasis, gingivitis) lengthened the period of remission and reduced the number of relapses. The main indications for the use of Imudon: periodontitis; periodontal disease; gingivitis; stomatitis; glossitis; ulcerations caused by dentures; infections after tooth extraction, implantation of artificial dental roots; pharyngitis, laryngitis; chronic tonsillitis. Dosage and method of administration of Imudon For acute inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity, Imudon is taken up to 8 tablets per day. The duration of the course of therapy is up to 10 days. For chronic diseases, the drug is prescribed 6 tablets for 20 days. It is recommended to carry out course therapy 2-3 times a year. The drug should be completely absorbed in the oral cavity; you must refrain from rinsing your mouth for 1 hour. Side effects and precautions when prescribing Imudon Cases of overdose and side effects when prescribing Imudon in recommended doses have not been described. Imudon does not interact with other pharmacological drugs. The drug can be used in women during pregnancy and lactation. When prescribing the drug to some patients with congestive heart failure, liver cirrhosis, etc., it should be taken into account that one tablet of Imudon contains 15 mg of sodium. Conclusion Imudon is highly effective and safe drug for the treatment of periodontal diseases and inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity. Imudon restores local immunity of the mucous membranes, alleviates the condition of patients and has a therapeutic and preventive effect.
The first defenders of human health are the mechanisms, reactions and barriers of local immunity. Being in direct contact with the environment, it helps to fully cope with various types of external and internal threats. At the same time, local immunity is an integral and important component of general immunity.
General immunity - ensures the resistance and stability of all systems, organs, and tissues of the body. General resistance is formed on the basis of elements circulating throughout the body in the blood and lymphatic fluids.
These elements include:
The activity of general immune resistance is based on the penetration of an external threat through the barriers of local immunity, which could not resist infection.
Local immunity is the external protection of the internal environment of the body from the penetration of pathogens.
Local protection functions are provided by:
The main directions of their immune activity are:
Skin is one of the main elements of local immunity; it is a peripheral organ of immune defense, possessing all immunocompetent cells:
The skin layer helps the immune system in:
The skin is one of the first barriers to infection; its external condition immediately signals the situation in the immune system. Healthy immunity- it is elastic and beautiful in a natural pinkish tint. If the immune system is weakened, the skin peels, cracks, loses its natural color, and may turn pale. When the risk of immunodeficiency diseases develops, the skin is immediately damaged.
Skin for immune mechanism:
Oral immunity is part of local immunity, which belongs to the first line of defense mechanisms and reactions on the way to the penetration of infectious pathogens into the body, provided by lymphoid bodies, macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, epithelial and connective tissue cells.
The immunity of the mucous membranes of the oral cavity and pharynx is provided by:
Structural components that provide local resistance include:
The local protective structure is determined by the interaction of specific and nonspecific biomechanisms.
Mucosal immunity, consisting of specific barrier devices, is:
Local immunity of the oral cavity in the form of nonspecific protection is:
Cellular protection of the macrocavity is provided by: neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes, leukocytes, lymphocytes that enter the salivary fluid from the gingival structures. These cells actively participate in phagocytes and synthesize biologically active antibacterial substances. The presence of granulocytes in the mucosal membrane causes the oropharynx to be cleared of bacterial pathogens diseases.
Local immunity of the mucous membranes, represented by a set of specific and nonspecific factors, with the participation of cellular structures, represents a high-quality line of defense.
The nasal cavity, its mucous membrane, ciliated epithelium is the body's first line of defense against viruses, bacteria, dust, and allergens.
The structure of local immunity of the nasal sinuses includes:
The main mechanisms providing local immunological protection of the nasal cavity, which are its adaptive acquired form, are:
Factors of local immunity of the nasal mucosa are provided by:
Local immunity of the gastrointestinal tract most of all refers to the protective reactions of the intestines, especially the department - small intestine. Intestinal mucous membranes organize immunological reactions that resist pathogenic invasions into the body.
Approximately eighty percent of all immune cells are found in the intestine. The main part of ensuring protective reactions in the intestine is lymphoid tissue. It is a structural cluster:
That is, these are the places where they accumulate:
Here, all elements have special functions, especially Peyer’s patches: they house the protective follicle-associated epithelial body macrophages, dendrin elements and lymphocytes.
The epithelial structure of intestinal tissue helps reduce the impact of toxins and antigens on the body, provides local protection due to the presence of immunoglobulin secretory components type A, which performs the functions of:
To perform its immunological functions, the epithelial layer regulates the distribution and amount of immunoglobulins types M and G, and also influences cellular immunity.
The mechanisms of the specific protective function of the intestine develop and improve throughout life, thanks to the presence in the mucous wall of:
A feature of local intestinal immunity is that
Local immunity is also provided by the natural intestinal flora, which:
Immunity and resistance to respiratory and other infectious diseases is ensured by local immunity of the respiratory system. It is due to two parts of protection:
Immunological exclusion is characterized by the following actions:
In immunological cleansing, the main role is played by:
Local respiratory protection functions in such a way as to eliminate larger number threats to the health of the entire body.
The main ways to support local immune mechanisms are:
In the immune system of the oral mucosa, two sections can be distinguished: inductive (lymphoid tissue) and effector (directly the mucous membrane). In the first, the processes of immunological recognition and presentation of Ag occur and a population of Ag-specific lymphoid cells is formed. T lymphocytes accumulate in the effector site, which provide cell-mediated forms of protection of the mucous membranes.
In addition, the digestive and respiratory tracts contain multiple lymphatic follicles and their clusters, which constitute the lymphoid tissue associated with the mucous membranes. The lymphoid elements of these tracts include the tonsils - palatine, pharyngeal, lingual and tubal, forming the Pirogov-Waldeyer lymphatic pharyngeal ring. In the epithelium of these lymphoid formations there are specialized adsorbing epithelial M-cells that present Ag to lymphocytes.
The barrier function of the mucous membrane is carried out using:
The mechanism of colonization resistance that provides normal microflora;
Mechanical factors (secretion of mucus, mucociliary apparatus);
Chemical factors(including antioxidants), antibodies.
The functions of the tonsils are:
Protective (production of immunoglobulins of the main classes and destruction of pathogenic microorganisms by activated lymphocytes);
Informational (antigenic stimulation from the pharyngeal cavity);
Maintaining the composition of the microflora of the upper respiratory tract (P. Brandtzaeg (1996) indicates the leading role palatine tonsils in ensuring mucosal immunity of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract).
Lymphocytes from the bloodstream diffuse into the lymphoid tissue of the tonsils (T-dependent zone) and infiltrate the cryptal epithelium above the lymphatic follicles (they are the B-dependent zone where proliferation, primary stimulation and differentiation of effector B cells occur).
Oral fluid
The oral cavity is constantly washed by two important physiological fluids- saliva and fluid from gingival crevices. They are important for oral ecosystems, providing them with water, nutrients, adhesive and antimicrobial factors. The supragingival environment is washed by saliva, while the subgingival environment is washed mainly by the fluid of the gingival crevices.
Saliva is a complex mixture that enters the oral cavity through the ducts of the three main salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, sublingual) and minor salivary glands. It contains 94-99% water, as well as glycoproteins, proteins, hormones, vitamins, urea and various ions. The concentration of these components may vary depending on the flow of saliva. Typically, a slight increase in secretion levels leads to an increase in bicarbonate and pH, while there is a decrease in the levels of sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphate, chloride, urea and proteins. When the level of secretion is high, the concentration of sodium, calcium, chloride, bicarbonate and proteins increases, while the concentration of phosphate falls. Saliva helps maintain the integrity of teeth by providing them with calcium, magnesium, fluoride and phosphates to remineralize the enamel.
Gingival fluid is a plasma exudate that passes through the gum (connective epithelium), fills the gingival crevice and flows along the teeth. The diffusion of gingival fluid into healthy gums is slow, but this process increases with inflammation. The composition of gingival fluid is similar to that of plasma: it contains proteins, including albumin, leukocytes, sIgA and complement.
Rice. 1 Mechanisms of local immunity of the oral cavity (Zelenova E.G., Zaslavskaya M.I. 2004)
Immunity (immune system) is a system of factors that provide internal protection of the body from exogenous (bacteria, viruses, etc.) and endogenous (altered cells) biological aggression. The body (conditionally) has several protective “lines of defense”: nonspecific immunity factors (paleoimmunity); own specific immunity (specific line of defense = lymphocytic immunity). The first line of defense - nonspecific protective factors or paleoimmunity represent an earlier acquisition of the organism in an evolutionary sense. Their goal is primitive recognition of microorganisms and damaged cells. And the main methods of neutralization and elimination of foreign material are phagocytosis, extracellular cytolysis, cytotoxic reactions of NK cells and cytolytic effects of complement. First the barrier to the antigen is a layer of mucus, covering the epithelial cells on top. In addition to mucins, it includes antibacterial nonspecific protective factors (lysozyme, lactoferrin, defensins, myeloperoxidase, low molecular weight cationic peptides, complement components, etc.). In addition, there are also immunoglobulins of the IgA, IgM and IgG classes, which we will discuss later. Neutrophil granulocytes (5) and macrophages (6) are also present here, which mainly migrate from the bloodstream. However, there is evidence that there is a population of sedentary macrophages that are constantly present in the mucosa. These cells are able to pass between epithelial cells, reach the surface of the mucous membrane and destroy microorganisms through phagocytosis and other mechanisms. With sufficiently rapid neutralization and removal of foreign material (for example, avirulent or weakly virulent microorganisms), the development of specific immune reactions is not supported and fades away. But if this option is not possible, the “second” line of defense, or immunity itself, is included in the process. A feature of mucosal immunity is the ability of lymphocytes to migrate and concentrate at the site of antigen penetration. When the barrier function of the oral mucosa in children is impaired, the production of lysozyme decreases, therefore, incomplete phagocytosis is observed in macrophages, which leads to chronicity inflammatory process. In addition, the rapid course of inflammatory processes in the oral cavity in children is due to the activation of the oxidative metabolism of polymorphonuclear neutrophils. These factors must be taken into account when choosing immunomodulators.
Factors of local immunity of the oral cavity . The integrity of the mucous membranes is the best guarantor of reliable protection for the body. The damaged surface of the epithelial layer is easily colonized by bacteria, which, under conditions of weakening of protective factors, are able to reproduce. Saliva components:
Lysozyme (muraminidase) is an enzyme with bactericidal activity and is present in many cells, tissues and secretory fluids of the human body, for example in leukocytes, saliva and tear fluid. Together with other components of saliva, such as secretory immunoglobulins A (slgA), it helps to destroy microorganisms in the oral cavity, thereby limiting their number. Under the influence of lysozyme bacterial cell turns into a spheroplast, torn apart by osmotic pressure.
Lactoferrin is a protein that can bind iron and has bacteriostatic activity. By binding iron, it makes it unavailable for bacterial metabolism, which stops the proliferation of microorganisms. Lactoferrin is found in gingival crevicular secretions and is secreted locally by polymorphonuclear neutrophils.
SlgA play the most important role in local immune defense mucous membranes. They inhibit the ability of viruses and bacteria to adhere to the surface of the epithelial layer, preventing pathogens from entering the body. Secreted by plasma cells of the submucosal layer of the tonsils and lamina propria cells. Saliva contains much more slgA than other immunoglobulins: for example, in the saliva secreted parotid glands, the IgA/lgG ratio is 400 times higher than that in blood serum.
Cellular elements. Cellular elements nonspecific protection oral cavity - mainly polymorphonuclear neutrophils and macrophages. Both types of cells are found in saliva. Secretory elements.
Macrophage derivatives. Macrophages produce several inflammatory propagation factors or chemotaxis for inflammatory agents.
Derivatives of polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils trigger a chain of redox reactions (oxidative metabolism). Superoxide ions, hydroxide radicals and atomic oxygen are found in saliva, which are released by cells during immune conflicts and enter directly into the oral cavity, where they lead to the death of a foreign cell captured by phagocytes. In this case, the local inflammatory process caused by the aggressive influence of free radicals on the cell membranes of the gums and periodontium may worsen.
Derivatives of helper T lymphocytes (CD4) Although CD4 lymphocytes are a specific factor cellular immunity, they also stimulate nonspecific immunity of the oral cavity, releasing a number of substances, the main of which are:
Interferon Y is an active inflammatory agent that promotes the formation of class II histocompatibility antigens on membranes, necessary for the interaction of immunocompetent cells (HLA system);
Interleukin-2 is a stimulator of the local immune response, acting on B-lymphocytes (increasing the secretion of immunoglobulins), T-helper lymphocytes and cytotoxins (manifoldly enhancing local cellular defense reactions).
Lymphoid tissue. Except lymph nodes, located outside the oral cavity and “serving” its tissues, it itself contains four lymphoid formations, differing in their structure and functions. The tonsils (palatine and lingual) are the only lymphoid formations of the oral cavity that have the classic structure of lymphatic follicles consisting of perifollicular B and T cells. Plasmocytes and lymphocytes of the salivary glands are involved in the synthesis of slgA. In the gums there is a lymphoid accumulation formed by lymphocytes, macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, which plays a major role in the immune conflict with dental plaque bacteria. So, the main purpose of the lymphoid tissue of the oral cavity is primarily the synthesis of slgA and antibacterial protection of the salivary glands. Cellular elements of specific immunity of the mucous membrane:
T lymphocytes. Depending on their specialization, T-lymphocytes are capable of either greatly enhancing the local immune response to the appearance of a foreign agent, or directly destroying the foreign agent itself.
Plasmocytes (and B-lymphocytes). They play an important role in the synthesis and secretion of immunoglobulins and are effective only in the presence of T lymphocytes and helper cells (phagocytes).
Mast cells. Being powerful inducers of a local inflammatory response, mastocytes play a secondary role in the fight against infections of the oral mucosa.
Specific humoral immunity of the oral cavity:
IgG. A small amount of IgG enters the oral cavity through the bloodstream, but they can also be synthesized directly there by plasma cells after specific stimulation. Then they enter the site of the immune conflict - the submucosal or mucous layer.
IgM. Getting into the oral cavity in the same ways as IgG, IgM quickly appears at the site of an immune conflict. They are less effective than IgG, but have an important immunostimulating effect on the local lymphatic system.
IgA. Hypersecretion of IgA in saliva allows us to consider this class of immunoglobulins as the most important in the local immune defense of the oral cavity. It should also be noted that the less noticeable, but important role of non-secretory IgA, produced by plasma cells and carried through the bloodstream to the site of an immune conflict.
1. The oral mucosa is lined with what epithelium?
2. Where is the submucosa of the oral mucosa absent?
3. List the layers of epithelium lining the oral mucosa.
4. The taste buds of the tongue are located in what types of papillae?
5. What types of papillae are formed on the dorsum of the tongue mucosa?
6. List the factors of local immunity of the oral cavity.
7. What cells make up the basal layer of the oral epithelium?
Basic literature:
1. Sapin M.R. Atlas of human anatomy for dentists / M.R. Sapin, D.B. Nikityuk L.M. Litvinenko. – M.: GEOTAR-MED, 2009. – 600 p.
2. Symptoms and syndromes in dental practice/ V.N. Balin, A.S. Guk, S.A. Epifanov, S.P. Kropotov. – St. Petersburg: ELBI, 2001. – 200 p.
3. Dentistry of children and adolescents: Transl. from English / Ed. R.E. McDonald, D.R. Avery. – M.: Med. information agency, 2003. – 766 p.
4. Pozharitskaya M.M. Propaedeutic dentistry: recommended Min. education / M.M. Pozharitskaya, T.G. Simakova. – M.: Medicine, 2004. – 304 p.
5. Klenovskaya M. I. Clinical and functional state of the oral cavity in children operated on for cancer thyroid gland: Author's abstract. dis. for the job application scientist step. Ph.D. - Mn. : GMI, 2001. – 19 p.
