EMERCOM OF RUSSIA
FEDERAL STATE PUBLIC INSTITUTION
"1 FEDERAL FIRE SERVICE DETAIL
IN THE UDMURT REPUBLIC"
FPS TRAINING CENTER
I APPROVED
Head of the FPS Training Center
FGKU "1st detachment of the FPS
for the Udmurt Republic"
Lieutenant Colonel of the Internal Service
S.A. Churakov
"____"__________________2017
PLAN-OUTLINE
Conducting classes in the discipline “Fire Tactics”
with students of special initial training for firefighters
Topic No. 5.3.2. "Basics of survival in various emergency situations"
Considered at a meeting of the pedagogical council
protocol No._____dated ______________
"_____"________________20 years
Type of lesson: lecture
Lesson time: 80 minutes
Purpose of the lesson: to familiarize students with the basics of survival in various emergencies
Literature:
Fire tactics / Terebnev V.V., Ekaterinburg: “Kalan Publishing House” 2007.
Firefighting Manager's Handbook. Pozik Y.S.. Moscow “Special equipment” 2001.
Rescuer's manual M 2011
Order of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of December 23, 2014 No. 1100n “On approval of the Rules for labor protection in the divisions of the federal fire service of the State Fire Service.”
Belov S.V. et al. Life safety. Textbook. M., " graduate School", 2001
Psychology of extreme situations for rescuers and firefighters / ed.
Study questions:
Study question
Time, min.
Moving in the natural environment
Educational matters (including class monitoring)
Basic survival, signaling
When conducting RPS in the natural environment, rescuers often have to perform tasks far from populated areas, spend several days in “ field conditions", face a variety of extreme situations that pose additional requirements to their ability to work under these conditions.
Solid knowledge in various fields and the ability to use them in any conditions are the basis of survival. When going to the RPS, rescuers must, along with tools and protective equipment, have the following set necessary items, which can be useful in any climatic-geographical zone: a signal mirror, with which you can send a distress signal at a distance of up to 3 (M0 km); hunting matches, a candle or dry fuel tablets for starting a fire or heating a shelter, an alarm whistle; a large knife (machete) in a sheath that can be used as a knife; a shovel; a piece of thick foil and fishing supplies;
Signaling. Rescuers must know and be able to apply special signals in practice
Rescuers can use fire smoke during the day and bright light at night to indicate their location. If you throw rubber, pieces of insulation, or oily rags into a fire, black smoke will be released, which is clearly visible in cloudy weather. To obtain white smoke, which is clearly visible in clear weather, green leaves, fresh grass, and raw moss should be thrown into the fire.
To provide a signal from the ground to an air vehicle (airplane), a special signal mirror can be used. It is necessary to hold it at a distance of 25-30 cm from the face and look through the sighting hole at the plane; turning the mirror, align the light spot with the sighting hole. If a signal mirror is not available, objects with shiny surfaces can be used. To sight, you need to make a hole in the center of the object. The light beam must be sent along the entire horizon line even in cases where the noise of the aircraft engine is not heard.
At night, the light of a hand-held electric flashlight, a torch, or a fire can be used for signaling.
A fire lit on a raft is one of the distress signals.
Good signaling means are brightly colored objects and special coloring powder (fluorescein, uranine), which are scattered on snow, ground, water, ice when an aircraft (helicopter) approaches.
In some cases, sound signals (scream, shot, knock), signal flares, and smoke bombs can be used.
One of latest achievements in the development of "target designation" is a small rubber balloon with a nylon shell, covered with four luminous colors, under which a light bulb flashes at night; the light from it is clearly visible at a distance of 4-5 km. Before launch, the balloon is filled with helium from a small capsule and held at a height of 90 m by a nylon rope. The weight of the set is 1.5 kg.
In order to facilitate the search, it is advisable to use the International Code Table of Airborne Ground-to-Air Signals. Its signs can be laid out using available means (equipment, clothing, stones, trees), directly by people who must lie on the ground, snow, ice, or trampled on the snow.
Along with the ability to give signals, rescuers must be able to work and live in field conditions, taking into account meteorological (weather) factors. Weather conditions and forecasts are monitored by special weather services. Weather information is transmitted via communications, in special reports, and plotted on maps using symbols.
In the absence of information about the weather, rescuers must be able to determine and predict it by local characteristics. To obtain reliable information, it is advisable to make a weather forecast for several of them simultaneously.
International Ground-to-Air Signal Code Table:
1 - Need a doctor - serious bodily injury; 2 - Need medications; 3 - Unable to move; 4 - Need food and water; 5 - Weapons and ammunition required; 6 - Map and compass required; 7 - You need a warning lamp with a battery and a radio station; 8 - Specify the direction to follow; 9 - I am moving in this direction; 10 - Let's try to take off; 11 - The ship is seriously damaged; 12 - It is safe to land here; 13 - Fuel and oil required; 14 - Everything is fine; 15 - No or negative; 16 -Yes or positive; 17 - I don’t understand; 18 - Mechanic required; 19 - Operations completed; 20 - Nothing was found, we continue searching; 21 - Information has been received that the aircraft is in this direction; 22 - We found all the people; 23 - We found only a few people; 24 - We are unable to continue, we return to base; 25 - Divided into two groups, each following in the indicated direction.
Organization of housing, shelter, food, security
The weather places certain demands on the organization of a bivouac, temporary housing, life and recreation during multi-day RPS. Taking this into account, rescuers organize a bivouac. It should be located in avalanche- and rockfall-proof areas, close to the source drinking water, have a supply of dead wood or firewood. You cannot set up a bivouac in dry beds of mountain rivers, near shallows, in dense bushes, coniferous thickets, near dry, hollow, rotten trees, or in thickets of flowering rhododendron. After removing stones, branches, debris from the site and leveling it, rescuers can begin setting up the tent.
Tents are different design features(frame, frameless), capacity, material. Despite this, all of them are designed to protect people from cold, rain, wind, dampness, and insects.
The procedure for setting up a tent is as follows:
unfold the tent;
stretch and secure the bottom;
install racks and tighten guy ropes;
fasten the exit and tighten the roof braces;
eliminate folds on the roof by tensioning (loosening) the guy wires;
dig a ditch around the tent 8-10 cm wide and deep to drain water into
case of rain.
Dry leaves, grass, ferns, reeds, and moss can be placed under the bottom of the tent. When setting up a tent on snow (ice), empty backpacks, ropes, windbreakers, blankets, and polyurethane foam mats should be placed on the floor.
The pegs are driven at an angle of 45° to the ground to a depth of 20-25 cm. Trees, stones, and ledges can be used to secure the tent. The back wall of the tent should be positioned towards the prevailing winds.
If you don’t have a tent, you can spend the night under a piece of tarpaulin, polyethylene, or build a hut from scrap materials (branches, logs, spruce branches, leaves, reeds). It is installed on a flat and dry place, in a clearing or the edge of a forest.
In winter, the overnight site must be cleared of snow and ice.
In snowy winter conditions, rescuers must be able to arrange shelters in the snow. The simplest of them is a hole dug around a tree, the size of which depends on the number of people. The top of the hole must be covered with branches, dense fabric, and covered with snow for better thermal insulation. You can build a snow cave, a snow dugout, a snow trench. When entering a snow shelter, you should clear your clothes of snow and dirt, and take with you a shovel or knife that can be used to make ventilation holes and a passage in case of snow collapse.
For cooking, heating, drying clothes, signaling, rescuers use fires of the following types: “hut”, “well” (“log house”), “taiga”, “no-dya”, “fireplace”, “Polynesian”, “star” , "pyramid".
"Shalash" is convenient for instant cooking tea and camp lighting. This fire is very “gluttonous” and burns hot. The “well” (“log house”) is lit if you need to cook food in a large bowl or dry wet clothes. In the “well” the fuel burns more slowly than in the “hut”; a lot of coals are formed, which create high temperature. In the “taiga” you can cook food in several pots at the same time. Place several thinner ones on one thick log (about 20 cm thick)
Types of fires: a - “hut”; b - “well”; c - “taiga”; g - “nodya”; d - “fireplace”; e - “Polynesian”; g - “star”; z - “pyramid”
Any fire must be lit only after careful preparation of the site: collecting dry grass and dead wood, making a hole in the ground, fencing the place where it will be lit with stones. The fuel for the fire is dry wood, grass, reeds, and shrubs. It has been noticed that burning spruce, pine, cedar, chestnut, and larch give off a lot of sparks. Oak, maple, elm, and beech burn calmly.
To quickly light a fire, you need kindling (birch bark, small dry branches and firewood, a piece of rubber, paper, dry fuel). It is tightly packed into a “hut” or “well”. To make the kindling ignite better, place a piece of candle in it or add dry alcohol. Thicker dry branches are placed around the kindling, then thicker firewood. In wet weather or during rain, the fire must be covered with a tarpaulin, backpack, or thick cloth.
You can light a fire using matches, a lighter, sunlight and magnifying glass, friction, flint, shot. In the latter case it is necessary:
open the cartridge and leave only gunpowder in it;
place dry cotton wool on top of the gunpowder;
shoot into the ground, while observing safety precautions;
smoldering cotton wool will ensure further lighting of the fire.
To make a fire in winter time it is necessary to clear the snow to the ground or build a deck of thick logs on the snow, otherwise the melted snow will extinguish the fire.
To prevent a fire from causing a fire, it should not be lit under low-lying tree branches, near flammable objects, on the leeward side of the bivouac, on peat bogs, near reed and reed thickets, dry grass, moss, in spruce and pine small forests. In these places, fire spreads at high speed and is difficult to extinguish. In order to prevent the spread of fire, the fire must be surrounded by a ditch or stones.
The safe distance from the fire to the tent is 10 meters.
The energy consumption of the human body at average and above average intensity of loads ranges from 3200 to 4000 kcal per day. Under extreme loads, energy consumption increases to 4600-5000 kcal. The diet should consist of a variety of foods containing all the elements necessary for the body. Example balanced diet nutrition is presented above.
This list can be supplemented with forest products (mushrooms, berries, fruits of wild trees), hunting, and fishing.
Food consumption is carried out in a set mode, which includes two or three hot meals a day, if possible, every day at the same time. 40% of the daily diet is spent on lunch, 35% on breakfast and 25% on dinner.
To maintain a high level of performance, the rescuer must adhere to the optimal drinking water consumption regimen.
Water lost by the body must be replaced, otherwise the process of dehydration begins. Loss of water in the amount of 1-2% of body weight causes a person to become very thirsty; at 3-5% nausea, fever, apathy, fatigue occur; at 10% appear irreversible changes in the body; at 20% the person dies. The need for water depends on the intensity of work, air temperature and humidity, and human body weight. With relatively limited physical mobility, the need for water ranges from 1.5-2.0 liters per day in areas with moderate temperatures, to 4-6 liters or more per day in deserts and tropics. With high physical and nervous stress, the need for water increases by 2-3 times.
In natural and artificial reservoirs, the water quality often does not meet the requirements for safe use. Therefore, it is advisable to boil it before use. Polluted or swamp water must be treated with potassium permanganate or special drugs. Water can also be filtered using depressions in damp soil, thick fabric, or special filters.
Moving in the natural environment
RESCUE MOVEMENT OVER ROUGH TERRAIN
Rough terrain is an area of the earth's surface without high mountains. It is characterized by a variety of conditions, including the presence, along with flat areas of land, hills, hills, ravines, valleys, screes, rivers, reservoirs, and vegetation.
Movement on flat areas of rough terrain is characterized by rhythmic steps with approximately the same length and frequency. The rhythm of movements is ensured by the optimal functioning of the circulatory system, respiratory and other functional systems of the body. At the moment of the unsupported position of the leg, its muscles must be relaxed as much as possible. When lowering to the ground, the leg muscles tense again. The foot should be placed on the entire surface, and not on the edge, to avoid injury ankle joint. You should walk with your knees slightly bent.
The length and frequency of the step are purely individual and depend on many factors: height, weight, strength, experience, fitness of the person, terrain, weight of the load being carried. On steep sections, the stride length is reduced by more than half, sometimes equal to the length of the foot or maybe even shorter.
When driving on flat areas average speed is 4-5 km/h and decreases when driving through a forest, swamp, bushes, thickets, snow, sand.
On the ascents, the leg must be placed on the entire foot, with the toes slightly turned to the sides. This ensures reliable adhesion of the shoe sole to the supporting surface. The body leans slightly forward. With an increase in slope steepness of more than 15°, the ascent is carried out using the herringbone method. In this case, the toes of the feet turn to the sides. The steeper the slope, the greater the angle you need to turn your feet.
The ascent and descent of slopes is often carried out using the “serpentine” method. This method is associated with movement across the slope (traverse). When “serpentine”, the foot must be placed with the entire sole across the slope so that the toe of the “closest” leg to the slope is turned up, and the toe of the “far” foot is turned down. The angle of rotation of the foot depends on the steepness of the slope. At the moment of changing the direction of movement along the slope, it is necessary to take an extended step with the “far” leg, placing it up the slope, then place the foot of the “near” leg across the slope, in a “herringbone” pattern, turn around and continue moving.
To facilitate movement along the slope, you should use animal trails, potholes, securely placed objects, an alpenstock, and an ice ax.
Driving on scree requires special attention, as it is associated with the possibility of rockfalls. Screes can be strong or weak, with small, medium and large stones.
Movement on solid scree is straight up or with slight zigzags. When moving in a zigzag, be careful not to get over or under another rescuer.
On fragile screes you need to move carefully, obliquely. Each stone touched, if possible, should be stopped and strengthened. If it was not possible to detain him, then everyone should be warned with the exclamation: “Stone.” Reliable shelter from stones are rocks and tree trunks.
The most dangerous screes are those with a rocky base.
MOVEMENT OF RESCUERS IN CONDITIONS OF DEBLOCKS
Carrying out RPS may necessitate the movement of rescuers in rubble conditions. The route of movement is selected taking into account the shortest distance to the place of work, in the absence of unstable elements and additional obstacles on the way.
When moving through a blockage, rescuers must exercise extreme caution, since it can contain many unexpected things:
victims and material assets;
collapse of surviving, unstable fragments of buildings and building elements;
voids and their subsidence;
explosions as a result of the accumulation of flammable and explosive gases in voids;
fire and smoke;
damaged utility networks, product pipelines;
harmful substances, including hazardous substances.
When moving in the immediate vicinity of the rubble, special attention should be paid to the surviving fragments of buildings, since they represent increased danger. This is due to the possibility of their sudden collapse. Damaged utility systems are no less dangerous.
When moving along the surface of a rubble, the optimal and safe route is chosen. Special attention pay attention to choosing where to place your feet. You should only step on securely lying objects. In some cases, the remains of buildings, boards, pipes, and fittings should be removed from the road.
It is impossible to move around in conditions of rubble, enter destroyed buildings, or stay near them unless necessary. You should not run through the rubble, jump, or throw heavy objects. This can cause injury to rescuers and create an additional threat to the health and life of victims who are in the rubble.
In cases where partially destroyed buildings remain in the RPS area, it is necessary to provide assistance to the people in them. To do this, rescuers must assess the reliability of buildings, determine methods of movement, extraction and evacuation of victims.
MOVEMENT OF RESCUERS IN CRAMPED CONDITIONS
When carrying out RPS, rescuers often have to move in cramped conditions (narrow passage, well, crack, pipe). The peculiarity of this movement is that it is carried out in unusual positions: on the side, on the back, on all fours, crawling. To this must be added the psychological discomfort associated with constant feeling fear arising from claustrophobia - fear of enclosed spaces.
As a rule, toxic and explosive substances accumulate in a confined space; there is no light in it.
Work in cramped conditions can be carried out after checking the air in the working area with instruments or wearing an insulating gas mask. A rescuer in cramped conditions must be secured with a rope. Special lights are used to illuminate the route and work areas.
RESCUE MOVEMENT IN THE SNOW
Rescuers can move through the snow on foot, using snowshoes, skis, sleds, snowmobiles and all-terrain vehicles.
One of the most common ways is on foot. Its speed depends on the height and structure of the snow cover and the nature of the terrain.
Snow cover of 0.3 m or more is difficult for walking. This is due to the peculiarity of walking, which consists in the need to make a continuous road in freshly fallen snow or separate holes in old snow. All this requires great physical effort and causes rapid fatigue. Therefore, when traveling on foot in deep snow, it is necessary to often replace the rescuer in front.
To prevent snow from getting into your shoes, you should put trousers over them and tie them at the bottom.
Special devices - snowshoes - help increase the speed of rescuers' movement in the snow and save energy. They are an oval frame made from a 7 mm thick block, 420 mm long and 200 mm wide. 20-25 holes with a diameter of 8-9 mm are drilled in the frame, through which it is intertwined with rawhide straps. A tarpaulin or thick fabric measuring 80x270 mm and rings for tying snowshoes to shoes are attached to the resulting mesh.
RESCUE MOVEMENT ON ICE
At an air temperature of 0°C and below, water changes from a liquid state to a solid state (crystallizes), and ice forms. On water surfaces, the thickness and strength of ice depend on the speed of water flow, its composition and the presence of aquatic vegetation. Smooth ice forms on a smooth, wind-protected water surface. Old (pack) ice is covered with hummocks, which appear as a result of ice compression.
When large, heavy ice floes collide, grated ice is formed between them, unsuitable for movement.
The thickness of the ice, especially in fast water, is not the same everywhere. It is thin near the coast, on rapids, in the area of rifts, near rocks, at the confluence of rivers, their confluence with the sea (lake), near frozen objects on the bends and bends of rivers. The most dangerous ice is under snow and snowdrifts. The danger when moving on ice is represented by holes, ice holes, holes, cracks, hummocks, and places where solder and moving ice come into contact.
The movement of rescuers on ice requires compliance with increased safety measures. An ice thickness of 10 cm in fresh water and 15 cm in salt water is considered safe for one person. To determine the thickness of the ice, it must be drilled (cut through).
The reliability of the ice is checked by one rescuer walking across it (light), who must be secured with a rope for safety reasons. If, when moving on it, the ice makes characteristic sounds - cracking, then you cannot walk on it. If the ice breaks, you need to throw off heavy things, get out to the surface of the ice, lie on your stomach, lean on a pole, skis or ski poles and crawl to the shore.
Particular care should be taken when driving on ice that is covered with snow or water. When jumping from one ice floe to another, the support points should be no closer than 50 cm from the edge of the ice.
Aids and equipment used in the lesson: teaching board, teaching aids
Assignment for independent work of students and preparation for the next lesson: repeat the material covered
Developed by
teacher of special disciplines
FPS training center
FGKU “1st FPS detachment for the Udmurt Republic”
Senior Lieutenant of the Internal Service A.V. Arkhipov
Gomel Engineering Institute of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Republic of Belarus
Life safety
Survival Basics
Prepared
Aniskovich I.I.
Gomel 2009
Basic Survival Concepts
Human life has always been fraught with danger. It is no coincidence that our distant ancestors, taking their first steps along the path of evolution, learned to use stone not only as a tool, but also as a weapon.
The struggle for existence forced people to cling to life by hook or by crook, to adapt to any adversity, no matter how difficult they were, to boldly go towards dangers. The desire to achieve the seemingly impossible, which permeates the entire history of mankind, helps to understand the incredible efforts made by people in various parts of the world in order to adapt to harsh conditions. natural conditions. Man has always had the ability to adapt to the natural and artificial environment - from primitive hunters who went out to hunt animals with a stone ax in their hands, to space travelers of the second half of our century, who spent a long time in a state of weightlessness, mobilizing all their physical and mental capabilities. Survival is active, expedient actions aimed at preserving life, health and performance in conditions of autonomous existence. It is for people whose lives are constantly fraught with danger that preliminary preparation, both physical and psychological, is very important. Rescuers, military personnel of many branches of the military, tourists going on long routes, many scientists and researchers must first undergo a complete adaptation process, as a result of which the body gradually acquires previously absent resistance to certain factors environment and thus gains the opportunity to “live in conditions previously incompatible with life,” which means complete adaptation to the conditions of polar cold, sultry deserts or lack of oxygen at mountain heights, fresh water in the salt sea. People who have undergone full adaptation have a chance not only to preserve life itself, but also to solve problems that were previously unsolvable.
The adaptation process is very complex and multi-stage. At its first stage, the stage of adaptation to any new factor, the body is close to the maximum of its capabilities, but it does not solve the problem that has arisen completely. However, after some time, if the person (or animal) does not die, and the factor requiring adaptation continues to operate, the capabilities of the living system increase - the extreme, or urgent, stage of the process is replaced by the stage of effective and sustainable adaptation. This transformation is the key link in the entire process, and its consequences are often astounding. Extreme conditions are an event (or sequence of events) in which a person, through his own preparedness, the use of equipment and equipment, as well as the involvement of additional, pre-prepared resources, has the opportunity to prevent an emergency, and, if necessary, provide assistance to himself and others after an emergency. An extreme situation is an event outside of personal human experience, when a person is forced to act (or not act) in the complete absence of equipment, equipment and initial training. (Basic information about ways to overcome emergency situations cannot be formalized in principle, based on the very definition of an extreme situation). Most people and animals placed in extreme situations from which there is no way out do not die, but acquire one or another degree of adaptation to them and preserve their lives until better times. Such stressful situations - long periods hunger, cold, natural disasters, interspecific and intraspecific conflicts - are always widely represented in natural environment animal habitats. In the social environment of a person, the same scheme operates. During a relatively short period of its history, humanity went through periods of slavery, serfdom, world wars, but did not degrade, demonstrating high efficiency adaptation to extreme situations. Of course, the cost of such adaptation is unreasonably high, but these indisputable facts inevitably lead to the conclusion that the body must have fairly effective specialized mechanisms that limit the stress response and prevent stress damage and, most importantly, allow one to preserve life and health. In general, all this corresponds to the well-known everyday observation - people who have gone through severe life trials acquire a certain resistance to damaging environmental factors, i.e. resilient in any extreme situation. Imagine that a miracle happened, and today’s man suddenly found himself in the primitive conditions of human existence. Making our way along the damp walls of the cave, to the sound of loud knocking own teeth, our hero remembers the fire with unexpected joy. Just what to chop wood with? Well, okay, you can break the branches. He habitually hits himself in the pocket. Oh, horror, there are no matches! At first, our time traveler does not realize the full depth of the catastrophe that has befallen him. But after a minute he breaks out in a cold sweat. He can’t imagine how to make a fire without matches! Feverish attempts to make fire by rubbing wooden sticks against each other and striking sparks lead nowhere - the kindling stubbornly refuses to flare up. Then, with inexorable consistency, it becomes clear that a representative of our time cannot hunt without a gun, fish without fishing lines and hooks, cannot build even the most primitive shelter, and has no idea how to protect his mortal body from hundreds of dangers lurking on all sides. Looking around hauntedly, he rushes through the ancient forest, occasionally pouncing on berries that do not satisfy him at all. Our contemporary is doomed. He will have to survive in conditions of autonomous existence. Autonomous existence is the activity of a person (a group of people) without outside assistance. The only chance to prolong its existence is to turn to the local aborigines for help. There's nothing you can do about it! And then he meets the real masters of that era: the genius of getting food, the genius of making fire. With enormous effort, starting from the very basics, the unlucky traveler comprehends the science of “survival,” barely catching up to the level of development of primitive man. There is nothing exaggerated in this fantasy. Even astronauts, before taking their place in a spaceship, walk hundreds of kilometers along survival paths - forest wilds, hot desert sands. Modern man, and even more so a professional rescuer, regardless of the planned actions and route of movement in earthly and unearthly space, timing and geographical location, must be ready to act in an emergency situation, without communication with the outside world, when you can only rely on yourself. For a person who finds himself in an extreme situation due to unforeseen circumstances, for example, an airplane crash, a shipwreck, military personnel, or lost tourists, survival is mainly a psychological issue, and the most important factor V in this case is the desire to survive. Regardless of whether a person is left alone or as part of a group, emotional factors may manifest themselves - experiences due to fear, despair, loneliness and boredom. In addition to these mental factors, the desire to survive is influenced by injuries, pain, fatigue, hunger and thirst. How long will a person in trouble have to live autonomously in extreme conditions? This depends on a number of reasons determining the duration of autonomous existence.
Reasons determining the duration of autonomous existence:
Remoteness of the search and rescue operations area from populated areas;
Violation or complete absence radio communications and other types of communications;
Unfavorable geographical, climatic and meteorological conditions in the area where search and rescue operations are carried out;
Availability of food supplies (or lack thereof);
Availability of additional search and rescue forces and equipment in the search and rescue area.
Goals and objectives of survival rescuers
The purpose of training rescuers in survival is to develop in them stable skills to act in various environmental conditions, to develop high moral and business qualities, self-confidence, reliability of rescue equipment and equipment, and the effectiveness of search and rescue support.
The basis of survival is solid knowledge in a variety of fields, from astronomy and medicine to recipes for preparing dishes from caterpillars and tree bark.
Survival techniques are different in each climatic and geographical region. What can and should be done in the taiga is unacceptable in the desert and vice versa.
A person must know how to navigate without a compass, give a distress signal, go to a populated area, obtain food through gathering, hunting, fishing (including without a gun and the necessary equipment), provide himself with water, be able to protect himself from natural disasters, and much more. other.
Practical development of survival skills is extremely important. You must not only know how to behave in a given situation, but also be able to do it. When the situation becomes threatening, it is too late to start learning. Before trips involving increased risk, it is necessary to conduct several emergency field exercises that are as close as possible to the real situation of future routes. It is necessary to theoretically calculate in advance and, if possible, check almost all possible emergencies.
When conducting RPS in the natural environment, rescuers often have to perform tasks far from populated areas, spend several days in “field conditions,” and face a variety of extreme situations, which places additional demands on their ability to work in these conditions.
Solid knowledge in various fields and the ability to use them in any conditions are the basis of survival. When going to the PSR, rescuers must, along with tools and protective equipment, have the following set of necessary items that can be useful in any climatic and geographical zone: a signal mirror, with which you can send a distress signal at a distance of up to 30-40 km; hunting matches, a candle or dry fuel tablets for starting a fire or heating a shelter, a whistle for an alarm; a large knife (machete) in a sheath that can be used as a knife; axe; shovel; fort; compass; a piece of thick foil and polyethylene; fishing accessories; signal cartridges; emergency kit of medicines; supply of water and food.
Signaling. Rescuers must know and be able to apply special signals in practice.
Rescuers can use smoke from a fire during the day and bright light at night to indicate their location. If you throw rubber, pieces of insulation, or oily rags into a fire, black smoke will be released, which is clearly visible in cloudy weather. To obtain white smoke, which is clearly visible in clear weather, green leaves, fresh grass, and raw moss should be thrown into the fire.
To provide a signal from the ground to an air vehicle (airplane), a special signal mirror can be used. It is necessary to hold it at a distance of 25-30 cm from the face and look through the sighting hole at the plane, turning the mirror to align the light spot with the sighting hole. If a signal mirror is not available, objects with shiny surfaces can be used. To sight, you need to make a hole in the center of the object. The light beam must be sent along the entire horizon line even in cases where the noise of the aircraft engine is not heard.
Signal signal from mirror
At night, the light of a hand-held electric flashlight, a torch, or a fire can be used for signaling.
A fire lit on a raft is one of the distress signals.
Good signaling means are brightly colored objects and special coloring powder (fluorescein, uranine), which are scattered on snow, ground, water, ice when an aircraft (helicopter) approaches.
In some cases, sound signals (scream, shot, knock), signal flares, and smoke bombs can be used.
One of the latest developments in the development of "targeting" is a small rubber balloon with a nylon shell, covered with four luminous colors, under which a light bulb flashes at night; the light from it is clearly visible at a distance of 4-5 km. Before launch, the balloon is filled with helium from a small capsule and held at a height of 90m by a nylon rope. The weight of the set is 1.5 kg.
In order to facilitate the search, it is advisable to use the International Code Table of Airborne Ground-to-Air Signals. Its signs can be laid out using available means (equipment, clothing, stones, trees), directly by people who must lie on the ground, snow, ice, or trampled on the snow.
Along with the ability to give signals, rescuers must be able to work and live in field conditions, taking into account meteorological (weather) factors. Weather conditions and forecasts are monitored by special weather services. Weather information is transmitted via communications, in special reports, and plotted on maps using symbols.
In the absence of information about the weather, rescuers must be able to determine and predict it based on local signs. To obtain reliable information, it is advisable to make a weather forecast for several of them simultaneously.
International Ground-to-Air Signal Code Table:
1 - Need a doctor - serious bodily injury; 2 - Need medications; 3 - Unable to move; 4 - Need food and water; 5 - Weapons and ammunition required; 6 - Map and compass required; 7 - You need a warning lamp with a battery and a radio station; 8 - Specify the direction to follow; 9 - I am moving in this direction; 10 - Let's try to take off; 11 - The ship is seriously damaged; 12 - It is safe to land here; 13 - Fuel and oil required; 14 - Everything is fine; 15 - No or negative; 16 -Yes or positive; 17 - I don’t understand; 18 - Mechanic required; 19 - Operations completed; 20 - Nothing was found, we continue searching; 21 - Information has been received that the aircraft is in this direction; 22 - We found all the people; 23 - We found only a few people; 24 - We are unable to continue, we return to base; 25 - Divided into two groups, each following in the indicated direction.
The weather places certain demands on the organization of a bivouac, temporary housing, life and recreation during multi-day RPS. Taking this into account, rescuers organize a bivouac. It should be located in avalanche- and rockfall-proof areas, close to a source of drinking water, and have a supply of dead wood or firewood. You cannot set up a bivouac in dry beds of mountain rivers, near shallows, in dense bushes, coniferous thickets, near dry, hollow, rotten trees, or in thickets of flowering rhododendron. After removing stones, branches, debris from the site and leveling it, rescuers can begin setting up the tent.
Setting up a tent
Tents differ in design features (frame, frameless), capacity, and material. Despite this, all of them are designed to protect people from cold, rain, wind, dampness, and insects.
The procedure for setting up a tent is as follows:
Dry leaves, grass, ferns, reeds, and moss can be placed under the bottom of the tent. When setting up a tent on snow (ice), empty backpacks, ropes, windbreakers, blankets, and polyurethane foam mats should be placed on the floor.
The pegs are driven at an angle of 45° to the ground to a depth of 20-25 cm. Trees, stones, and ledges can be used to secure the tent. The back wall of the tent should be positioned towards the prevailing winds.
If you don’t have a tent, you can spend the night under a piece of tarpaulin, polyethylene, or build a hut from scrap materials (branches, logs, spruce branches, leaves, reeds). It is installed on a flat and dry place, in a clearing or the edge of a forest.
In winter, the overnight site must be cleared of snow and ice.
In snowy winter conditions, rescuers must be able to arrange shelters in the snow. The simplest of them is a hole dug around a tree, the size of which depends on the number of people. The top of the hole must be covered with branches, dense fabric, and covered with snow for better thermal insulation. You can build a snow cave, a snow dugout, a snow trench. When entering a snow shelter, you should clear your clothes of snow and dirt, and take with you a shovel or knife that can be used to make ventilation holes and a passage in case of snow collapse.
For cooking, heating, drying clothes, signaling, rescuers use fires of the following types: “hut”, “well” (“log house”), “taiga”, “no-dya”, “fireplace”, “Polynesian”, “star” , "pyramid".
Types of fires: a - “hut”; b - “well”; c - “taiga”; g - “nodya”; d - “fireplace”; e - “Polynesian”; g - “star”; z - “pyramid”.
The “hut” is convenient for quickly making tea and lighting the camp. This fire is very “gluttonous” and burns hot. The “well” (“log house”) is lit if you need to cook food in a large bowl or dry wet clothes. In the “well” the fuel burns more slowly than in the “hut”; a lot of coals are formed, which create a high temperature. In the “taiga” you can cook food in several pots at the same time. On one thick log (about 20 cm thick) several thinner dry logs are placed, which are brought together at an angle of 30°, always on the leeward side. The fuel burns for a long time. You can camp for the night near such a fire. “Nodya” is good for cooking, heating during an overnight stay, drying clothes and shoes. Two dry logs up to 3 meters long are placed close to each other, flammable fuel (thin dry twigs, birch bark) is lit in the gap between them, after which a third dry log of the same length and thickness of 20-25 cm is placed on top. To prevent the logs from rolling out, On both sides of them, flyers are driven into the ground. They will simultaneously serve as stands for the stick on which the pots are hung. The “nodya” flares up slowly, but burns with an even flame for several hours.
Any fire must be lit only after careful preparation of the site: collecting dry grass and dead wood, making a hole in the ground, fencing the place where it will be lit with stones. The fuel for the fire is dry wood, grass, reeds, and shrubs. It has been noticed that burning spruce, pine, cedar, chestnut, and larch give off a lot of sparks. Oak, maple, elm, and beech burn calmly.
To quickly light a fire, you need kindling (birch bark, small dry branches and firewood, a piece of rubber, paper, dry fuel). It is tightly packed into a “hut” or “well”. To make the kindling ignite better, place a piece of candle in it or add dry alcohol. Thicker dry branches are placed around the kindling, then thicker firewood. In wet weather or during rain, the fire must be covered with a tarpaulin, backpack, or thick cloth.
Making fire by friction
You can light a fire using matches, a lighter, sunlight and a magnifying glass, friction, flint, or a shot. In the latter case it is necessary:
To set up a fire in winter, it is necessary to clear the snow to the ground or build a deck of thick logs on the snow, otherwise the melted snow will extinguish the fire.
To prevent a fire from causing a fire, it should not be lit under low-lying tree branches, near flammable objects, on the leeward side of the bivouac, on peat bogs, near reed and reed thickets, dry grass, moss, in spruce and pine small forests. In these places, fire spreads at high speed and is difficult to extinguish. In order to prevent the spread of fire, the fire must be surrounded by a ditch or stones.
The safe distance from the fire to the tent is 10 meters.
To dry clothes, shoes, and equipment by the fire, they should be hung on poles or ropes located on the leeward side at a sufficient distance from the fire.
A mandatory rule is to extinguish the fire (with water, earth, snow) when leaving the bivouac.
Successful completion of the tasks assigned to them by rescuers is possible only if they restore and maintain high mental and physical performance of the body throughout the entire period of work. The basis for this is a balanced diet. It is important not only the correct ratio of proteins, fats and carbohydrates in food, but also the mandatory presence of vitamins and other biologically active substances. The daily diet of a rescuer should include at least 1.5 g of protein for every kilogram of his body weight, almost the same amount of fat and 4 times more carbohydrates, as well as about 30-35 g of table salt, vitamins, water, etc.
Average daily requirement adult in nutrients presented in the table.
The average daily requirement of an adult for nutrients (formula balanced nutrition according to A.A. Pokrovsky)
Diet of a rescuer performing work in difficult conditions (energy consumption 4150 kcal)
The energy consumption of the human body at average and above average intensity of loads ranges from 3200 to 4000 kcal per day. Under extreme loads, energy consumption increases to 4600-5000 kcal. The diet should consist of a variety of foods containing all the elements necessary for the body. An example of a balanced diet is presented above.
This list can be supplemented with forest products (mushrooms, berries, fruits of wild trees), hunting, and fishing.
Food consumption is carried out in a set mode, which includes two or three hot meals a day, if possible, every day at the same time. 40% of the daily diet is spent on lunch, 35% on breakfast and 25% on dinner.
To maintain a high level of performance, the rescuer must adhere to the optimal drinking water consumption regimen.
Water lost by the body must be replaced, otherwise the process of dehydration begins. Loss of water in the amount of 1-2% of body weight causes a person to become very thirsty; at 3-5% nausea, fever, apathy, fatigue occur; at 10%, irreversible changes appear in the body; at 20% the person dies. The need for water depends on the intensity of work, air temperature and humidity, and human body weight. With relatively limited physical mobility, the need for water ranges from 1.5-2.0 liters per day in areas with moderate temperatures, to 4-6 liters or more per day in deserts and tropics. With high physical and nervous stress, the need for water increases by 2-3 times.
In natural and artificial reservoirs, the water quality often does not meet the requirements for safe use. Therefore, it is advisable to boil it before use. Contaminated or swamp water must be treated with potassium permanganate or special preparations before boiling. Water can also be filtered using depressions in damp soil, thick fabric, or special filters. If the water is oversaturated with salt (sea, salt lakes), then it must be desalinated by evaporation and condensation. Water with a lack of salt (high mountain reservoirs, mountain rivers) can be salted.
When conducting RPS in the natural environment, rescuers may encounter poisonous snakes and blood-sucking insects. The ability to behave in such situations is a professional integral feature of rescuers.
In the CIS, of the 56 species of snakes, cobra, viper, efa, copperhead and all types of vipers are dangerous to humans. The latter are most often found in Russia. You need to be guided by the rule - treat every snake you encounter as if it were poisonous and avoid it.
There are many means to protect against mosquitoes and other blood-sucking insects. Creams “Taiga”, “Taboo”, liquid “At a halt”, etc. are quite reliable. Ordinary petroleum jelly mixed with substances containing naphthalene can be successfully used. Good product - 10% alcohol solution dimethyl phthalate. The gauze canopy reliably protects open areas of the body from mosquito bites during sleep. Unfortunately, rescuers often do not attach importance to protection against mosquitoes and forget that these insects are carriers of pathogens of many diseases that are dangerous to human health and life. Every rescuer needs to be able to protect themselves from bites of blood-sucking insects and ticks. Should be done and renewed in a timely manner preventive vaccinations from tick-borne encephalitis.
The most accessible measure of protection against ticks is wearing clothes with tight-fitting cuffs on the arms and legs and a hood, and boots on the legs. Strengthen protective properties Clothes can be soaked with repellents. You should periodically inspect the body and if ticks are found, remove them immediately.
The basics of survival need to be known not only by a reasonable man, but by all people, regardless of status. There are a lot of situations as a result of which a person can be left alone with nature. You can simply get lost in the forest while picking mushrooms, you can fall behind a tourist group, you can survive after a plane or car accident, and so on...
The conditions in which a random tourist may find himself can be very different. Therefore, the algorithm of actions and method of survival in each specific case are unique. Much will depend on air temperature, precipitation, the presence or absence of shelter and water sources, landscape, and the number of people. Plus many other factors that make it easier, or vice versa, aggravate the situation.
Based on all this, survivors will have to build and, possibly, adjust actions in each individual situation for the most reasonable survival. The basics of this harsh science are vitally important to follow, regardless of the influencing factors and threats.
Based on these factors, the survivor needs to build for himself in his head survival plan. Whatever the reason that the victim remained cut off from civilization, first of all, he should always try to determine his whereabouts. The ideal option would be to have a map and compass, which is unlikely in case of a sudden emergency.
If there are natural shelters or broken vehicles, a crashed plane, etc. nearby, then the victim is advised to stay in that place. It’s worth moving on only in 2 cases:
1) they will not look for the missing person in the near future;
2) the missing person knows exactly how to get to a populated area or camp.
If it is impossible to determine your location on the ground, you need to look around from the most convenient and high point (hill, tree). Having discovered signs of civilization or a body of water, you should move towards the goal.
If the terrain around you is too homogeneous, then it is better to stay where you are and try other means of survival. First you need to understand what is more profitable to do first. If sunset is soon, then it’s worth starting to build a shelter. At low temperatures It makes sense to start your actions by starting a fire. If this is the case in the morning and in the summer, then you can start providing water (search, purification, disinfection). Each action must be logical and consistent.
It is necessary to understand that, by and large, in conditions of a threat to life, nothing universal can be. However, there are some fundamental truths.
The elements of survival include the following concepts: food, shelter, fire, water, location and medicine. To prioritize them, a certain abbreviation with a self-explanatory name is used: PLAN. No matter where on the planet the survivor is, the priority remains the same - be it the Gobi Desert, the Amazon jungle, Pacific Ocean or the expanses of the Arctic.
It is in the interests of a person in distress to ensure his own protection from an aggressive environment. To do this, you need to use all available means, but without the need to make “unnecessary movements.” You should always remember the expediency of your efforts. Preference should be given to organizing shelter and starting a fire.
Next on the list of priorities will be locating and equipping distress signals. The survivor must use all means to attract attention and indicate his presence.
While waiting for help, you should constantly search for new sources of food and water, emergency supplies Should be used only when absolutely necessary. This method of survival can be characterized as follows: “preserve and increase.”
If it is pointless to rely on someone for a long time, you can try the last option. In order to set out on a journey, you need to accumulate a sufficient amount of resources and supplies. A person who has dared to take such a step needs to correctly assess his strength and make an informed decision, otherwise this campaign may be his last.
In addition to the above, you need to be extremely attentive to your own health and constantly monitor your well-being. Wounds must be treated promptly, avoiding infection and inflammation. Cleaned and boiled water- the key to success.
The basic methods of survival that need to be taken at the very beginning of “unity” with nature remain unchanged. Only their order changes depending on related factors. Each aspect of life in the wild has its own nuances and characteristics that deserve separate materials and articles.
A completely logical question arises: what topics should be mastered first when starting to study the basics of survival?
You need to start with a clear understanding that any autonomous existence consists of individual elements, skills, and factors. Due to the vastness of initial stage The following free materials are recommended for reading:
After studying these articles, it is advisable to proceed to more specific methods of survival, the necessary skills and abilities. Books in this regard are an irreplaceable source of knowledge.
The human species has settled in almost every corner of the Earth. Even in areas too inhospitable to provide permanent habitation, mankind has found ways to exploit their resources, either by hunting or by obtaining what they need directly from the land, and often employ their methods of exploiting nature simply for the pleasure of employing them.
Almost everywhere in nature there is what is necessary for survival. In some places food is abundant, in others food resources are very scarce and it will take common sense, knowledge and ingenuity to take advantage of the available opportunities. But even more important is the will to live. Men and women have proven that they can survive in the most hostile environments, but they have done so only through their determination to win - without this, all knowledge will do little if you find yourself in a difficult situation.
Survival is the art of staying alive. All pieces of equipment that you have should be considered only as a head start, which may not exist. You must know how to take everything possible from nature and use it one hundred percent, how to attract attention to yourself so that rescuers can find you, how to move through unfamiliar territory towards civilization (if there is no hope of rescue from the outside) without a map and compass. You must know how to stay in good physical shape or heal yourself and others if you are sick or injured. You must be able to maintain a strong morale both in yourself and in others who share with you the adversity of the situation.
But survival methods are relevant not only in extreme situations of a disaster on the top of a mountain, a shipwreck in the tropics or in the middle of the desert. Every time you wear a seat belt in your car, you increase your chances of survival. Whether you look around when crossing the street or make sure your fireplace is functioning properly before going to bed, you instinctively use survival techniques. It is this mindset that you must develop along with skills and abilities.
The basic elements of survival are food, fire, shelter, water, location and medicine. The abbreviation is used to determine their priority. Regardless of where on Earth we are, the priority does not change - be it in the Arctic, in the desert, in the jungle, in the open ocean or on the shore.
P — patronage (protection)
You must ensure that you are protected from possible subsequent hazards, i.e. aftershocks with landslides, forest fire or fuel explosion. Always remain at the scene for as long as is safe and then protect yourself from the action. negative factors environment. This means setting up shelter and often starting a fire. There are several reasons why you should not leave the scene of an accident.
L — localization (location determination)
The next step after creating a shelter or shelter is to set up signals that localize your location. You must draw attention to your location. Do this as quickly as possible to help your rescuers.
A — adaptation (search for food and water)
While waiting for help, look for water and food to replenish your emergency supplies.
N — navigation (route selection)
Good navigation—figuring out where you're going in the right direction—can get you out of a dangerous situation. But if you are limited in this, stay where you are.
Medicine
You must become your own doctor and constantly monitor your condition. Treat scratches, calluses, and blisters immediately, without allowing them to become infected or inflamed. Monitor the condition of your comrades and solve problems as they arise. If they are limping, lagging behind, or acting strangely, stop and take immediate action.
