When conducting RPS in the natural environment, rescuers often have to perform tasks far from populated areas, spend several days in “ field conditions", face a variety of extreme situations that pose additional requirements to their ability to work under these conditions.
Solid knowledge in various fields and the ability to use them in any conditions are the basis of survival. When going to the PSR, rescuers must, along with tools and protective equipment, have the following set of necessary items that can be useful in any climatic and geographical zone: a signal mirror, with which you can send a distress signal at a distance of up to 30-40 km; hunting matches, a candle or dry fuel tablets for starting a fire or heating a shelter, a whistle for an alarm; a large knife (machete) in a sheath that can be used as a knife; axe; shovel; fort; compass; a piece of thick foil and polyethylene; fishing accessories; signal cartridges; emergency kit of medicines; supply of water and food.
Signaling. Rescuers must know and be able to apply special signals in practice.
Rescuers can use smoke from a fire during the day and bright light at night to indicate their location. If you throw rubber, pieces of insulation, or oily rags into a fire, black smoke will be released, which is clearly visible in cloudy weather. To obtain white smoke, which is clearly visible in clear weather, green leaves, fresh grass, and raw moss should be thrown into the fire.
To send a signal from the ground to the air vehicle(aircraft) Giving a signal by a mirror, you can use a special signal mirror. It is necessary to hold it at a distance of 25-30 cm from the face and look through the sighting hole at the plane, turning the mirror to align the light spot with the sighting hole. If there is no signal mirror, objects with shiny surfaces can be used. To sight, you need to make a hole in the center of the object. The light beam must be sent along the entire horizon line even in cases where the noise of the aircraft engine is not heard.
At night, the light of a hand-held electric flashlight, a torch, or a fire can be used for signaling.
A fire lit on a raft is one of the distress signals.
Good signaling means are brightly colored objects and special coloring powder (fluorescein, uranine), which are scattered on snow, ground, water, ice when an aircraft (helicopter) approaches.
In some cases, sound signals (scream, shot, knock), signal flares, and smoke bombs can be used.
One of latest achievements in the development of "target designation" is a small rubber balloon with nylon sheath, covered with four light-
Content | Index
Chapter 3
Organization and conduct of search and rescue operations
Content | Index
lasting colors, under which a light bulb flashes at night; the light from it is clearly visible at a distance of 4-5 km. Before launch, the balloon is filled with helium from a small capsule and held at a height of 90m by a nylon rope. The weight of the set is 1.5 kg.
In order to facilitate the search, it is advisable to use the International Code Table of Airborne Ground-to-Air Signals. Its signs can be laid out using available means (equipment, clothing, stones, trees), directly by people who must lie on the ground, snow, ice, or trampled on the snow.
Along with the ability to give signals, rescuers must be able to work and live in field conditions, taking into account meteorological (weather) factors. Weather conditions and forecasts are monitored by special weather services. Weather information is transmitted via communications, in special reports, and plotted on maps using symbols.
In the absence of information about the weather, rescuers must be able to determine and predict it based on local signs. To obtain reliable information, it is advisable to make a weather forecast for several of them simultaneously.
International Ground-to-Air Signal Code Table:
1 - Need a doctor - serious bodily injury;
2 - Need medications; 3 - Unable to move
Xia; 4 - Need food and water; 5 - Requires weapons and
ammunition; 6 - Map and compass required; 7 - Need
We have a warning light with battery and radio;
8 - Specify the direction to follow; 9 - I'm moving
I'm heading in this direction; 10 - Let's try to take off;
11 - The ship is seriously damaged; 12 - Here you can
land safely; 13 - Fuel required
in and oil; 14 - Everything is fine; 15 - No or delete
meaningful; 16 -Yes or positive; 17 - I don’t understand;
18 - Mechanic required; 19 - Operations completed;
20 - Nothing was found, we continue searching;
21 - Information was received that the aircraft was
walks in this direction; 22 - We found everyone
people; 23 - We found only a few people;
24 - We are unable to continue, we are returning
going to the base; 25 - Divided into two groups, each
follows in the indicated direction.
Gomel Engineering Institute of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Republic of Belarus
Life safety
Survival Basics
Prepared
Aniskovich I.I.
Gomel 2009
Basic Survival Concepts
Human life has always been fraught with danger. It is no coincidence that our distant ancestors, taking their first steps along the path of evolution, learned to use stone not only as a tool, but also as a weapon.
The struggle for existence forced people to cling to life by hook or by crook, to adapt to any adversity, no matter how difficult they were, to boldly go towards dangers. The desire to achieve the seemingly impossible, permeating the entire history of mankind, helps to understand the incredible efforts made by people in various parts of the world in order to adapt to harsh natural conditions. Man has always had the ability to adapt to the natural and artificial environment - from primitive hunters who went out to hunt animals with a stone ax in their hands, to space travelers of the second half of our century, for a long time staying in a state of weightlessness, mobilizing all their physical and mental capabilities. Survival is active, expedient actions aimed at preserving life, health and performance in conditions of autonomous existence. It is for people whose lives are constantly fraught with danger that preliminary preparation, both physical and psychological, is very important. Rescuers, military personnel of many branches of the military, tourists going on long routes, many scientists and researchers must first undergo a complete adaptation process, as a result of which the body gradually acquires previously absent resistance to certain factors environment and thus gains the opportunity to “live in conditions previously incompatible with life,” which means complete adaptation to the conditions of polar cold, sultry deserts or lack of oxygen at mountain heights, fresh water in the salt sea. People who have undergone full adaptation have a chance not only to preserve life itself, but also to solve problems that were previously unsolvable.
The adaptation process is very complex and multi-stage. At its first stage, the stage of adaptation to any new factor, the body is close to the maximum of its capabilities, but it does not solve the problem that has arisen completely. However, after some time, if the person (or animal) does not die, and the factor requiring adaptation continues to operate, the capabilities of the living system increase - the extreme, or urgent, stage of the process is replaced by the stage of effective and sustainable adaptation. This transformation is the key link in the entire process, and its consequences are often astounding. Extreme conditions are an event (or sequence of events) in which a person, through his own preparedness, the use of equipment and equipment, as well as the involvement of additional, pre-prepared resources, has the opportunity to prevent an emergency, and, if necessary, provide assistance to himself and others after an emergency. An extreme situation is an event beyond the limits of personal human experience, when a person is forced to act (or not act) in the complete absence of equipment, equipment and initial training. (Basic information about ways to overcome emergency situations cannot be formalized in principle, based on the very definition of an extreme situation). Most people and animals placed in extreme situations from which there is no way out do not die, but acquire one or another degree of adaptation to them and preserve their lives until better times. Such stressful situations - long periods hunger, cold, natural disasters, interspecific and intraspecific conflicts - are always widely represented in natural environment animal habitats. In the social environment of a person, the same scheme operates. During a relatively short period of its history, humanity went through periods of slavery, serfdom, world wars, but did not degrade, demonstrating high efficiency adaptation to extreme situations. Of course, the cost of such adaptation is unjustifiably high, but these indisputable facts inevitably lead to the conclusion that the body must have fairly effective specialized mechanisms that limit the stress response and prevent stress damage and, most importantly, allow one to preserve life and health. In general, all this corresponds to the well-known everyday observation - people who have gone through severe life trials acquire a certain resistance to damaging environmental factors, i.e. resilient in any extreme situation. Imagine that a miracle happened, and today’s man suddenly found himself in the primitive conditions of human existence. Making his way along the wet walls of the cave, to the ringing chatter of his own teeth, our hero remembers the fire with unexpected joy. Just what to chop wood with? Well, okay, you can break the branches. He habitually hits himself in the pocket. Oh, horror, there are no matches! At first, our time traveler does not realize the full depth of the catastrophe that has befallen him. But after a minute he breaks out in a cold sweat. He can’t imagine how to make a fire without matches! Feverish attempts to make fire by rubbing wooden sticks against each other and striking sparks lead nowhere - the kindling stubbornly refuses to flare up. Then, with inexorable consistency, it becomes clear that a representative of our time cannot hunt without a gun, fish without fishing lines and hooks, cannot build even the most primitive shelter, and has no idea how to protect his mortal body from hundreds of dangers lurking on all sides. Looking around hauntedly, he rushes through the ancient forest, occasionally pouncing on berries that do not satisfy him at all. Our contemporary is doomed. He will have to survive in conditions of autonomous existence. Autonomous existence is the activity of a person (a group of people) without outside assistance. The only chance to prolong its existence is to turn to the local aborigines for help. There's nothing you can do about it! And then he meets the real masters of that era: the genius of getting food, the genius of making fire. With enormous effort, starting from the very basics, the unlucky traveler comprehends the science of “survival,” barely catching up to the level of development primitive man. There is nothing exaggerated in this fantasy. Even astronauts, before taking their place in a spaceship, walk hundreds of kilometers along survival paths - forest wilds, hot desert sands. A modern person, and even more so a professional rescuer, regardless of the planned actions and route of movement in earthly and unearthly space, timing and geographical location, must be ready to act in an emergency situation, without communication with the outside world, when you can only rely on yourself. For a person who finds himself in an extreme situation due to unforeseen circumstances, for example, an airplane crash, a shipwreck, military personnel, or lost tourists, survival is mainly a psychological issue, and the most important factor in this case it is the desire to survive. Regardless of whether a person is left alone or as part of a group, emotional factors may manifest themselves - experiences due to fear, despair, loneliness and boredom. In addition to these mental factors, the desire to survive is influenced by injuries, pain, fatigue, hunger and thirst. How long will a person in trouble have to remain in conditions of autonomous existence in extreme conditions? This depends on a number of reasons determining the duration of autonomous existence.
Reasons determining the duration of autonomous existence:
Remoteness of the search and rescue operations area from populated areas;
Disruption or complete absence of radio communications and other types of communication;
Unfavorable geographical, climatic and meteorological conditions in the area where search and rescue operations are carried out;
Availability of food supplies (or lack thereof);
Availability of additional search and rescue forces and equipment in the search and rescue area.
Goals and objectives of survival rescuers
The purpose of training rescuers in survival is to develop in them stable skills to act in various environmental conditions, to develop high moral and business qualities, self-confidence, reliability of rescue equipment and equipment, and the effectiveness of search and rescue support.
The basis of survival is solid knowledge in a variety of fields, from astronomy and medicine to recipes for preparing dishes from caterpillars and tree bark.
Survival techniques are different in each climatic and geographical region. What can and should be done in the taiga is unacceptable in the desert and vice versa.
A person must know how to navigate without a compass, send a distress signal, go to a populated area, obtain food through gathering, hunting, fishing(including without a gun and the necessary equipment) food, provide yourself with water, be able to protect yourself from natural disasters and much more.
Practical development of survival skills is extremely important. You must not only know how to behave in a given situation, but also be able to do it. When the situation becomes threatening, it is too late to start learning. Before trips involving increased risk, it is necessary to conduct several emergency field exercises that are as close as possible to the real situation of future routes. It is necessary to theoretically calculate in advance and, if possible, check almost all possible emergencies.
Even today, there are often cases when a person, as a result of current circumstances, finds himself in conditions of autonomous existence, the favorable outcome of which largely depends on his psychophysiological qualities, solid knowledge of the basics of survival and other factors. The main task of a person in an autonomous situation is to survive. The word “survive” has always been used in a very specific sense - “to stay alive, to survive, to be protected from death.” Survival is understood as active, reasonable actions aimed at preserving life, health and performance in conditions of autonomous existence. But it is easier to prevent an extreme situation than to get out of it. Therefore, do not go anywhere without telling someone your route and approximate time of return; know the area of travel; when setting out, take with you: a first aid kit, comfortable shoes and clothes for the season, a cell phone/pager/walkie-talkie. And in autonomous conditions:
To survive you need:
1. OVERCOME FEAR.
Under any circumstances, a person’s survival primarily depends on himself. It's not just about his skills. More often than not, a situation of autonomy arises unexpectedly, and the first reaction of anyone in a dangerous situation is fear. But mandatory conditions Successful overcoming of all difficulties in an autonomous situation is the manifestation of will, perseverance, and competent actions. Panic and fear sharply reduce the chances of salvation.
In the event of a short-term external threat, a person acts on a sensory level, obeying the instinct of self-preservation: he bounces off a falling tree, clings to immovable objects when falling, tries to stay on the surface of the water when there is a threat of drowning. There is no need to talk about any will to live in such cases. Long-term survival is another matter. In conditions of autonomous existence, sooner or later a critical moment comes when excessive physical and mental stress and the seeming pointlessness of further resistance suppress the will. Passivity and indifference take possession of a person. He is no longer afraid of the possible tragic consequences of ill-conceived overnight stays and risky crossings. He does not believe in the possibility of salvation and therefore dies without fully exhausting his reserves of strength, without using up his food reserves.
Survival based only on the biological laws of self-preservation is short-lived. It is characterized by rapidly developing mental disorders and hysterical behavioral reactions. The desire to survive must be conscious and purposeful and must be dictated not by instinct, but by conscious necessity.
Fear is an emotional reaction to danger that may be accompanied by physical sensations such as trembling, rapid breathing, or a racing heart. This is a natural reaction and it is common to everyone to a normal person. It is fear for one’s life that causes the desire to act in the name of one’s own salvation. If a person knows how to act, fear sharpens the reaction and activates thinking. But if he has no idea what needs to be done, or experiences pain or weakness from blood loss, then fear can lead to stress - excessive tension, inhibition of thoughts and actions. These sensations can be so intense that sudden, intense fear can lead to death. There are various ways to overcome fear. If a person is familiar with the auto-training technique, then in a matter of minutes he will be able to relax, calm down, and impartially analyze the situation. If not, then thinking about something else will help the person relax and get distracted. Breathing exercises also have a good effect. You need to take a few deep breaths. When a person experiences fear or stress, his pulse speeds up and he begins to breathe very quickly. Forcing yourself to breathe slowly means convincing the body that stress is passing, regardless of whether it has passed or not.
In addition, a person cannot act successfully unless he has a clear goal and a plan to achieve it. Sometimes it seems that professional rescuers, pilots, and military personnel act in difficult situations without thinking. But this is not true: they simply have a ready-made, often already proven plan, or even several options. At first, it may seem to a person that he knows nothing and can’t do anything. But one has only to divide the situation and tasks into its component parts, and it turns out that he can do a lot. The surest way to overcome fear and confusion is to organize systematic actions to ensure survival. To do this, a person needs to set himself a clear direction to act in a possible extreme situation.
2. PROVIDE ASSISTANCE TO THE VICTIMS
(including self-help)
To provide assistance, it is good to have a first aid kit, so when going on a trip, it is better to take it with you. The set of necessary medications depends on climatic conditions. For example, in the desert you need a serum against snake venom, sunburn cream, etc. A tropical first aid kit should contain a repellent against leeches, insects, powder for fungal diseases, and an antimalarial drug. Any first aid kit should have:
You should have medications individually selected for each person in sufficient quantities (not less than the required minimum). The names and methods of use of medications must be signed with indelible pencil/paint. Pack the first aid kit carefully to avoid the possibility of damage to the medications. If you don't have them, scissors or a scalpel can be replaced with a disinfected razor blade.
Must be able to use medicinal herbs, as well as
distinguish them from poisonous plants. You can only use well-known herbs, therefore, when going to another climatic zone, it is better to remember in advance the local poisonous plants and at least 5 medicinal/edible ones. For example, strawberries, celery, and elm bark help with fever. Lilac, sunflower, nettle tincture with garlic, rose hips, and willow bark help against malaria.
To provide medical care Immediately after an accident or if long-term autonomous existence is necessary, skills are needed, so everyone should be able to provide first aid. With autonomous survival, the most likely are:
For any injuries, it is best to try to take the victim to a doctor.
3. ORIENTATE THE TERRAIN.
When traveling in unfamiliar areas, it is best to have a map. If it is not there, you can navigate without it.
The sides of the horizon can be determined by a compass, heavenly bodies, according to some signs of local objects. When uninhibited, the compass needle is set with its northern end in the direction of the northern magnetic pole, accordingly, the other end of the arrow will point south. The compass has a circular scale (dial), which is divided into 120 divisions. The value of each division is 3 or 0-50. The scale has double numbers. The internal one is applied clockwise from 0 to 360 degrees in 15 degrees. To sight local objects and take readings on the compass scale, a sighting device and a reading indicator are attached to the rotating compass ring. When working with a compass, you should always remember that strong electromagnetic fields or nearby metal objects deflect the magnetic needle from its correct position. Therefore, when determining compass directions, it is necessary to move 40-50 m away from power lines, railway tracks, combat vehicles and other large metal objects.
You can determine the sides of the horizon by celestial bodies:
At night, the sides of the horizon can be determined by the North Star. To do this you need to find a constellation Ursa Major with a characteristic arrangement of stars in the form of a bucket with a handle. An imaginary line is drawn through the outer two stars of the bucket, and the distance between these stars is plotted on it 5 times. At the end of the fifth segment there will be a bright star - Polaris. The direction towards it will correspond to the direction to the north. The sides of the horizon can be determined by some signs of local objects.
Magnetic azimuth is used - a horizontal angle measured clockwise from 0 degrees to 360 from the northern direction of the magnetic meridian to the determined direction.
To determine the magnetic azimuth, you must: stand facing the observed object (landmark), release the brake of the compass needle and, giving the compass a horizontal position, turn it until the northern end of the needle is opposite the zero division of the scale. Keeping the compass in the oriented position, turn the rotating cover to direct the sighting line passing through the slot and the front sight in a given direction to the given object. The average error in measuring azimuth with a compass is about 2 degrees. Movement during which a given direction is maintained and an exact exit to the designated point is carried out is called azimuth movement. Movement along azimuths is used mainly in the forest, desert, at night, in fog and tundra, and other terrain and visibility conditions that make visual orientation difficult. When moving in azimuth, at each turning point of the route, starting from the starting point, they find the desired direction of the path on the ground using a compass and move along it, counting the distance traveled. When moving in azimuth, it becomes necessary to avoid obstacles that cannot be overcome directly. In this case, proceed as follows. They notice a landmark on the opposite side of the obstacle in the direction of movement, determine the distance to it and add it to the distance traveled. After this, bypassing the obstacle, they go to the selected landmark and determine the direction of movement using a compass.
IN mountainous area landmarks are selected so that they are distributed in the direction of action of the units, not only along the front and in depth, but also in height. In a forest area, maintaining a route along dirt roads and clearings requires the ability to accurately recognize on the ground those along which the path chosen on the map passes. It should be taken into account that forest roads are often barely visible on the ground, and some of them may not be shown on maps. At the same time, you can find roads not shown on the map, but at the same time well traveled. Roads, clearings, intersections, and forks in roads and clearings, rivers and streams, and clearings crossing the route of movement are used as landmarks in the forest. Clearings are usually cut in mutually perpendicular directions, usually in the north direction, respectively west-east.
There are several ways to measure angles and distances on the ground.
In the field of view of the binoculars there are two perpendicular goniometric scales for measuring horizontal and vertical angles. The value (price) of one large division corresponds to 0-10, and the small one corresponds to 0-05. To measure the angle between two directions, looking through binoculars, you need to combine any stroke of the angular scale with one of these directions and count the number of divisions to the second direction and count the number of divisions to the second direction. Then multiplying this reading by the division value, we obtain the value of the measured angle in “thousandths”.
In some conditions, a situation may arise when binoculars are not at hand, but they can measure angular values using a ruler. To do this, you need to hold the ruler in front of you at eye level at a distance of 50 cm. One millimeter of the ruler will correspond to 0-02. The accuracy of measuring angles in this way depends on skills in maintaining distances from the eyes (50 cm), which requires some training.
3. Measuring angles using improvised means.
Instead of a ruler, you can use various objects whose dimensions are well known: a matchbox, a pencil, fingers and palms. You can measure angles using a compass. Measuring angles on the ground is a preparation for determining distances on the ground. Various methods and instruments are used to determine distances on the ground. Often people are forced to determine distances in various ways: by eye or by the measured angular size of objects on the ground, by the speedometer of a car, by measuring their steps, by the average speed of movement.
BY EYE - the main method and the easiest to determine distances, accessible to everyone. This method does not provide high accuracy in determining distances, but with some training you can achieve an accuracy of up to 10 m. To develop your eye, you need to constantly practice determining distances on the ground.
One of the ways to measure distances on the ground is to use distances on the ground known by their length (power lines - the distance between supports, the distance between communication lines, etc.).
To roughly estimate distances on the ground, you can use the following data:
For each person, this table can be clarified by himself.
Determining distances by the angular dimensions of objects is one of the main ways to determine distances and has fairly high accuracy. To determine distances by angular values, you need to know the linear dimensions of a local object, determine the angle at which it is visible and then use the formula to determine the distance to this object:
D= 1000*V
In this formula: D - range
B - height
Y is the angle in “thousandths” at which the object is visible; 1000 - constant coefficient.
Measuring distances in steps.
Every commander needs to know that a person’s step is approximately equal to 0.75 m, but it is inconvenient to make calculations at this size and, therefore, it is accepted that a pair of steps is equal to 1.5 m. In this case, it is much more convenient to carry out calculations. With this method, the accuracy of determining distances can be 98%.
It is advisable to determine distances by the speed of movement and by the speedometer of the car in cases of movement. One of the ways to determine distances may be by sound or flashes. Knowing that the speed of sound in air is 330 m/s i.e. rounded 1 km. In 3 sec. You can determine the distance by doing a little calculation. In some cases, the distance can be determined by hearing, i.e. by the audibility of various sounds. From experience assessing the audibility of various sounds, it becomes clear that:
The data given is very approximate and depends on the person’s hearing.
The basis of any method of determining distances is the ability to select landmarks on the ground and use them as markers indicating the desired directions, points and boundaries. Landmarks are usually called good visible objects on the ground and relief details, relative to which they determine their location, direction of movement and indicate the position of targets and other objects. Landmarks are chosen as evenly as possible. Selected landmarks can be numbered by choosing a direction, or given a conventional name. To indicate your location on the ground relative to a landmark, determine the direction and distance from it.
Getting out as quickly as possible is especially important if among the lost there are injured people or if the lost people find themselves in a dangerous area. It is difficult to move among rubble and windbreaks, in dense forests overgrown with bushes. The apparent similarity of the situation - trees, folds of terrain, etc. - can completely disorient a person, and he often moves in a circle, unaware of his mistake.
To maintain the chosen direction, they usually mark some clearly visible landmark every 100-150 m of the route. This is especially important if the path is blocked by a rubble or dense thicket of bushes, which forces you to deviate from the straight direction. An attempt to go ahead is always fraught with injury, which will aggravate the already difficult situation of the person in distress. But it is especially difficult to make transitions in the swamp area. It is not easy to find a safe walking path among the shifting green space.
Particularly dangerous in the swamp are the so-called windows - areas clear water on the grey-green surface of the swamps. Sometimes their sizes reach tens of meters. You must overcome the swamp with the utmost caution and always be armed with a long, strong pole. It is held horizontally at chest level. Having failed, under no circumstances should you flounder. You need to get out slowly, leaning on the pole, without making sudden movements, trying to give your body a horizontal position. For a short rest while crossing the swamp, you can use hard rock outcrops. Water obstacles, especially rivers with fast flows and rocky bottoms, can be overcome without taking off your shoes for greater stability. Before taking the next step, the bottom is probed with a pole. You need to move obliquely, sideways to the current, so as not to be knocked off your feet by the current.
In winter, you can move along frozen river beds while taking the necessary precautions. So, we must remember that the current usually destroys the ice from below, and it becomes especially thin under snowdrifts near steep banks, and that in river beds with sandbanks, sagging often forms, which, when frozen, turn into a kind of dam. In this case, the water usually finds its way out along the shore under snowdrifts, near snags, rocks, where the current is faster.
In cold weather, the deposits float, reminiscent of the smoke of human habitation. But much more often, deposits are hidden under deep snow and are difficult to detect. Therefore, all obstacles river ice better to bypass; In places where rivers bend, you need to stay away from the steep banks, where the current is faster and therefore the ice is thinner.
Often, after a river freezes, the water level decreases so quickly that thin ice pockets are formed that pose a great danger to pedestrians. On ice, which seems not strong enough, and there is no other way, they move by crawling. In spring, the ice is thinnest in areas overgrown with sedge and near flooded bushes.
If there is no firm confidence in the ability to quickly get out of the current situation, and the situation does not require immediate leaving the scene, it is better to stay in place, build a fire, or build a shelter from scrap materials. This will help protect you well from bad weather and keep you strong for a long time. In addition, it is much easier to obtain food in parking conditions. In some cases, this tactic will facilitate the actions of the search and rescue service, which has received information about an incident in a particular area. Having decided to “stay put,” you need to draw up a plan for further action, which includes the necessary measures.
4BUILD A SHELTER
Organizing an overnight stay is a labor-intensive task. First you need to find a suitable site. First of all, it must be dry. Secondly, it is best to position yourself near a stream, in an open place, so that you always have a supply of water at hand.
The simplest shelter from wind and rain is made by tying individual elements of the base (frame) with thin spruce roots, willow branches, and tundra birch. Natural cavities in the steep bank of the river allow you to comfortably sit on them so that the place of sleep is between the fire and a vertical surface (cliff, rock), which serves as a heat reflector.
When preparing a place to sleep, two holes are dug - under the thigh and under the shoulder. You can spend the night on a bed of spruce branches in a deep hole dug or thawed to the ground by a large fire. Here, in the pit, you should keep the fire burning all night to avoid a serious cold. In the winter taiga, where the thickness of the snow cover is significant, it is easier to arrange a shelter in a hole near a tree. In severe frost, you can build a simple snow hut in loose snow. To do this, the snow is raked into a pile, its surface is compacted, watered and allowed to freeze. Then the snow is raked out from the pile, and a small hole for the chimney is made in the remaining dome. A fire built inside melts the walls and makes the entire structure strong. This hut retains heat. You can’t get your head under your clothes, as breathing causes the material to become damp and freeze. It is better to cover your face with items of clothing that can be easily dried later. Carbon monoxide may accumulate from a burning fire, and care must be taken to ensure a constant flow of fresh air to the combustion site.
Temporary shelter can be a canopy, hut, dugout, tent. The choice of shelter type will depend on the skills, abilities, hard work and, of course, the physical condition of the people, since there is no shortage of building materials. However, the harsher the weather, the more reliable and warm the home should be. Make sure that your future home is spacious enough. There is no need to adhere to the principle of “too hard, but not to be offended.”
Before starting construction, you need to thoroughly clear the site, and then, having estimated how much building material is required, prepare it in advance: cut down poles, chop spruce branches, branches, collect moss, cut bark. To ensure that the pieces of bark are large enough and strong enough, deep vertical cuts are made on the larch trunk, right down to the wood, at a distance of 0.5-0.6 m from each other. After this, the strips are cut from above and below into large teeth 10-12 centimeters in diameter, and then the bark is carefully peeled off with an ax or machete knife.
Rice. 10. Hut, canopy and fires: A - combined gable hut and “star” fire; B - the simplest canopy and fire “pyramid”
Rice. II. Trench, hut and fire: A - snow trench near a tree; B - gable hut and taiga fire*
Rice. 12. Chum-type tent
In the warm season, you can limit yourself to building a simple canopy (Fig. 10, B). Two one and a half meter stakes as thick as an arm with forks at the end are driven into the ground at a distance of 2.0-2.5 m from each other. A thick pole is placed on the forks - a supporting beam. 5-7 poles are leaned against it at an angle of approximately 45-60° and, securing them with a rope or vine, a tarpaulin, parachute or any other fabric is pulled over it. The edges of the awning are folded over the sides of the canopy and tied to a beam laid at the base of the canopy. Bedding is made from spruce branches or dry moss. The canopy is dug in with a shallow ditch to protect it from water in case of rain.
A gable hut is more convenient for living (Fig. 10, A and Fig. 11, B). Having driven in the posts and laid the supporting beam on them, the poles are laid on it at an angle of 45-60° on both sides, and three or four poles are tied to each slope parallel to the ground - rafters. Then, starting from the bottom, spruce branches, branches with dense foliage or pieces of bark are laid on the rafters so that each subsequent layer, like tiles, covers the bottom one by about half. The front part, the entrance, can be hung with a piece of fabric, and the back part can be covered with one or two poles and braided with spruce branches.
If the snow cover is high, a “snow trench” can be dug at the foot of a large tree (Fig. 11, A). The top of the trench is covered with a tarpaulin or parachute fabric, and the bottom is lined with several layers of spruce branches.
A fire in conditions of autonomous existence is not only warmth, it is dry clothes and shoes, hot water and food, protection from midges and an excellent signal for a search helicopter. And most importantly, a fire is an accumulator of vigor, energy and activity. But before starting a fire, you should take all measures to prevent a forest fire. This is especially important in dry, hot seasons. A place for a fire is chosen away from coniferous trees, and especially dried out trees. Thoroughly clear the area about a meter and a half around of dry grass, moss and bushes. If the soil is peaty, then to prevent fire from penetrating the grass cover and causing the peat to ignite, a “cushion” of sand or earth is poured.
In winter, when the snow cover is high, the snow is carefully trampled down, and then a platform is built from several tree trunks.
To get fire you need use flint, piece of flint. Any steel object can serve as a flint, including as a last resort, the same iron pyrite. The fire is struck by sliding blows on the flint so that the sparks fall on tinder - dry moss, crushed dry leaves, newspaper, cotton wool, etc. Fire can be made friction. For this purpose, a bow, a drill and a support are made: a bow - from a dead trunk of a young birch or hazel tree 2 - 3 cm thick and a piece of rope as a bowstring; drill - made of a pine stick 25 - 30 cm long, as thick as a pencil, pointed at one end; The support is cleared of bark and a hole 1 - 1.5 cm deep is drilled with a knife. The drill, wrapped once with a bowstring, is inserted with its sharp end into the hole, around which tinder is laid. Then, pressing the drill with the palm of your left hand, quickly move the bow perpendicular to the drill with your right hand. To avoid damaging the palm, place a pad made of a piece of fabric, tree bark, or put on a glove between it and the drill. As soon as the tinder begins to smolder, it must be fanned and placed in kindling prepared in advance. To achieve success, you should remember three rules: the tinder must be dry, you must act in strict sequence and, most importantly, show patience and perseverance. For cooking and drying clothes, the most convenient fire is a “hut”, which produces a large, even flame, or a “star” fire of 5-8 dry trunks arranged in a star shape. They are set on fire in the center and moved as they burn. For warmth during overnight stays or in cold weather, 3-4 thinner stems are fanned out onto a thick trunk. Such a fire is called a taiga fire. For heating for a long time they use a fire. Two dry trunks are laid one on top of the other and secured at the ends on both sides with stakes. Wedges are inserted between the trunks and kindling is placed in the gap. As the wood burns, the ashes and ash are cleaned from time to time. When leaving the parking lot, smoldering coals must be carefully extinguished by filling them with water or covering them with earth. To make a fire in the absence of matches or a lighter, you can use one of the methods that have long been known to mankind before their invention.
A person who finds himself in conditions of autonomous existence must take the most energetic measures to provide himself with food by collecting edible wild plants, fishing, hunting, i.e. use everything that nature provides. Over 2000 plants grow on the territory of our country, partially or completely edible. When collected plant gifts need to be careful. About 2% of plants can cause severe and even fatal poisoning. To prevent poisoning, it is necessary to distinguish between such poisonous plants as crow's eye, wolf's bast, poisonous weed (hemlock), henbane, etc. Food poisoning is caused by toxic substances contained in some mushrooms: toadstool, fly agaric, false honey fungus, false chanterelle, etc. It is better to refrain from eating unfamiliar plants, berries, and mushrooms. If you are forced to use them for food, it is recommended to eat no more than 1 - 2 g at a time food mass, if possible, washed down with plenty of water (plant poison contained in such a proportion will not cause serious harm to the body). Wait 1-2 hours. If there are no signs of poisoning (nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dizziness, intestinal disorders), you can eat an additional 10 - 15 g. After a day, you can eat without restrictions. An indirect sign of the edibility of a plant can be: fruits pecked by birds; a lot of seeds, scraps of peel at the foot of fruit trees; bird droppings on branches, trunks; plants gnawed by animals; fruits found in nests and burrows. Unfamiliar fruits, bulbs, tubers, etc. It is advisable to boil it. Cooking destroys many organic poisons.
There are many trees and shrubs that produce edible fruits: mountain ash, actinidia, honeysuckle, rose hips, etc. Among edible wild plants, you can use the stems and leaves of hogweed and angelica, arrowhead tubers, cattail rhizomes, as well as a variety of edible mushrooms. You can use garden or grape snails for food. They are scalded with boiling water or fried. They taste like mushrooms. Snails without shells - slugs - also need to be boiled or fried first.
Suitable for food are the pupae of solitary bees in the stems of blackberries, raspberries or elderberries, and the pupae of the woodcutter beetle, which can be found in stumps, logs, and oak logs. The larvae can be eaten by first gutting them, cutting off the back end and rinsing them in water. At the bottom of rivers and lakes in winter there are bivalve shells, toothless and pearl barley, quite suitable for food. In stagnant water there are curled-shell snails and pond snails. A high-calorie food source is ant pupae, or ant eggs as they are called. In the warm season, ant eggs, similar to white or yellowish grains of rice, are found in abundance in anthills near the surface. To collect “prey” near the anthill, in an area illuminated by the sun, clear a 1 x 1 m area and spread a piece of fabric on it, folding the edges and placing a few small twigs under the bottom. Then top part The anthill is torn off and scattered in a thin layer on the fabric. After 20-30 minutes, the ants will drag all the pupae under the folded edges of the fabric, saving them from the sun. In conditions of autonomous existence fishing, perhaps the most affordable way to provide yourself with food. Fish has greater energy value than plant fruits and is less labor intensive than hunting. Fishing tackle can be made from available materials: fishing line - from loose shoe laces, thread pulled from clothes, unbraided rope, hooks - from pins, earrings, pins from badges, “invisibility”, and spinners - from metal and mother-of-pearl buttons, coins and etc.
It is permissible to eat fish meat raw, but it is better to cut it into narrow strips and dry them in the sun, so it will become tastier and last longer. To avoid fish poisoning, certain rules must be followed. You should not eat fish covered with thorns, thorns, sharp growths, skin ulcers, fish not covered with scales, lacking lateral fins, having neo
METHODOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
TOPIC No. 7
Nizhnekamsk
METHODOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
TOPIC No. 7:
Basics of survival in various emergency situations
Nizhnekamsk
Educational and Methodological Center for Civil Defense and
Emergency situations in Nizhnekamsk
METHODOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
TOPIC No. 7
Basics of survival in various emergency situations
Methodological development
Discussed and approved
UMC for Civil Defense and Emergency Situations
Nizhnekamsk
Protocol No. ________
From “____”_________ 2004
Nizhnekamsk
Learning objectives:
Bring to the attention of students how survival is organized in various emergencies.
Time: 2 hours.
Method: Lecture.
Place: Class.
Study questions and timing:
Introductory part:
Checking the preparedness of trainees - 5 min.
Main part (study of topic issues):
1. Basics of survival, optimal and emergency
conditions of human life support. Survival threshold
person (conditions, time, possibility of returning to life) - 20 min.
2. Physiological aspects of human survival.
Possible consequences for the human body staying
in extreme conditions. - 30 min.
3. Extreme conditions and their impact on humans (heat, cold, wind, dust, mixed conditions - 20 min.
4. Survival in the natural environment. Organization of housing, shelters, food, security. Determination of location. Protection from animals and insects. Moving in the natural environment - 20 min.
Conclusion:
Summing up the lesson - 5 min.
Literature and methodological manuals:
1. Textbook of survival in extreme situations.-M.: OOO Publishing House Yauza, 2002.-352 p.
2. Library for the protection of the population in emergency situations: Issue 1. Emergency situations natural character/ Under general ed. Vorobyova Yu.L.-M.: ZAO “Papyrus”, 1998. - 48 p.
3. Rescuer's textbook: Under the general editorship. Yu. L. Vorobyova. -M., 1997.-520 p.
Material support:
Posters, diagrams.
At the beginning of the lesson, the teacher announces the topic, educational goals, educational questions of the lesson that must be learned and the order of their processing.
Then the lesson leader proceeds to present the topic material in accordance with the questions posed in this development.
Throughout the lesson, the teacher organizes an exchange of opinions, seeking correct answers.
The lesson ends with a summary, for which 2 to 5 minutes of class time should be allocated.
Question 1.
Basics of survival, optimal and emergency conditions for human life support. Human survival threshold (conditions, time, possibility of returning to life)
Basics
Survival is based on simple things - your mental preparation, the clothes you wear and everything you take with you. To survive, you need to master the art of survival, especially the psychological aspect of it, because this ultimately determines whether you live or die
Psychology of Survival
To survive, you need survival skills, but they alone will not save you. First of all, you need the right attitude towards the situation. All knowledge in the feast loses its value if you do not have the will to live.
The will to live is the fundamental factor in a peak situation. It is known that the mind can give up faster than the body, but with a survival mindset, a person gains enormous opportunities to pull through.
Think about it. No matter what difficult situation you find yourself in, remember that you have the necessary resources to overcome any difficulties. This is your mental strength and your physical capabilities. Make them work effectively for you - and you will achieve excellent results.
HOW TO FOCUS YOUR MIND ON SURVIVAL
Two great dangers to life lurk in our own brains. This is the desire for comfort and passive contemplation. If they are not suppressed in time, they can lead to demoralization and death. Fortunately, both of these threats can be easily dealt with by anyone.
The desire for comfort is a consequence of modern urban living conditions. Their Western standards have made people pampered, because most of them are protected from the aggression of the forces of nature and the environment. Westerners - perhaps including you - live and work in warm, comfortable, secure buildings, with top-notch healthcare and a guaranteed supply of food and water.
In an extreme situation, you probably won't have any of this, at least not at first. You will have only the clothes you are wearing - no food, no water, no shelter. The sudden disappearance of the usual comfortable conditions that you enjoyed without thinking about it is in itself a big blow to your self-control and can lead to complete demoralization. How to fight with this dangerous state of mind caused by the loss of things that you considered absolutely necessary for a normal life?
Firstly, you need to understand for yourself that the values of modern civilization are not fundamental to solving the problem of survival. Just throw them away. After all, you can do without delicacies for lunch, TV or air conditioning. Secondly, you will have to understand that the discomfort you experience is nothing compared to the troubles that will befall you if you indulge in despondency and self-pity.
Passive contemplation is also a consequence of familiarization with the benefits of civilization. A bureaucratic society saves a person from situations in which it is necessary to make a life-critical decision. Almost all the decisions we make are everyday and banal. Initiative languishes, and most people tend to passive, almost sheepish contemplation. However, if you find yourself in an emergency situation, you will be required to act independently and make all decisions absolutely independently. If something here confuses you, think that the result of passivity, doing nothing, will most likely be your death. The alternative is to take control of the situation and live a long life. What do you like best?
DON'T BURY YOURSELF BEFORE YOUR TIME, CHOOSE A GOAL AND ACT!
Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.
Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/
Yakutsk 2014
Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "North-Eastern Federal University named after M.K. Ammosova"
Mining Institute
Department of Emergency Protection
COURSE WORK
on the topic: “Basics of survival for rescuers in extreme situations”
Completed by: student gr.PB-11
Dmitriev A.G.
Checked by: Tarskiy V.V.
Introduction
Survival is active, expedient actions aimed at preserving life, health and performance in conditions of autonomous existence. It is for people whose lives are constantly fraught with danger that preliminary preparation, both physical and psychological, is very important. Rescuers must first undergo a complete adaptation process, as a result of which the body gradually acquires previously absent resistance to certain environmental factors. Thus, it becomes possible to “live in conditions previously incompatible with life,” which means complete adaptation to the conditions of polar cold, sultry deserts or lack of oxygen at mountain heights, fresh water in the salt sea. People who have undergone full adaptation have a chance not only to preserve life itself, but also to solve problems that were previously unsolvable.
1. Actions of rescuers in extreme conditions
1.1 Goals and objectives of survival rescuers
The purpose of training rescuers in survival is to develop in them stable skills to act in various environmental conditions, to develop high moral and business qualities, self-confidence, reliability of rescue equipment and equipment, and the effectiveness of search and rescue support.
The basis of survival is solid knowledge in a variety of fields, from astronomy and medicine to recipes for preparing dishes from caterpillars and tree bark.
Survival techniques are different in each climatic and geographical region. What can and should be done in the taiga is unacceptable in the desert and vice versa.
A person must know how to navigate without a compass, give a distress signal, go to a populated area, obtain food through gathering, hunting, fishing (including without a gun and the necessary equipment), provide himself with water, be able to protect himself from natural disasters, and much more. other.
Practical development of survival skills is extremely important. You must not only know how to behave in a given situation, but also be able to do it. When the situation becomes threatening, it is too late to start learning. Before trips involving increased risk, it is necessary to conduct several emergency field exercises that are as close as possible to the real situation of future routes. It is necessary to theoretically calculate in advance and, if possible, check almost all possible emergencies.
The main tasks of training rescuers in survival are to provide the necessary amount of theoretical knowledge and teach practical skills in:
Orientation in various physical and geographical conditions;
Providing self- and mutual assistance;
Construction of temporary shelters and the use of available means of protection from the effects of adverse environmental factors;
Obtaining food and water;
The use of communications and signaling equipment to bring additional forces and resources into the search and rescue area;
Organization of crossings over water barriers and swamps;
Use of emergency rescue craft;
Preparation of sites for helicopter landing;
Evacuation of victims from the disaster area.
1.2 Factors influencing survival
Learning to survive is the main factor that determines the favorable outcome of autonomous existence.
Will to live. In the event of a short-term external threat, a person acts on a sensory level, obeying the instinct of self-preservation. Bounces off a falling tree, clings to stationary objects as it falls. Long-term survival is another matter. Sooner or later, a critical moment comes when excessive physical and mental stress and the seeming pointlessness of further resistance suppress the will. Passivity and indifference take possession of a person. He is no longer afraid of the possible tragic consequences of ill-conceived overnight stays and risky crossings. He does not believe in the possibility of salvation and therefore dies without fully exhausting his reserves of strength.
Survival based only on the biological laws of self-preservation is short-lived. It is characterized by rapidly developing mental disorders and hysterical behavioral reactions. The desire to survive must be conscious and purposeful. You can call it the will to live. Any skill and knowledge become meaningless if a person resigns himself to fate. Long-term survival is ensured not by the spontaneous desire “I don’t want to die”, but by the set goal - “I must survive.” The desire to survive is not an instinct, but a conscious necessity. Survival tools - various standard and homemade emergency kits and emergency supplies (for example, a survival knife).
If you are going on a dangerous journey, you need to complete emergency kits in advance, based on the specific conditions of the trip, terrain, time of year, and number of participants. All items must be tested in practice, checked many times, and duplicated if necessary. General physical training does not require comment. Psychological preparation consists of the sum of such concepts as the psychological balance of each group member, the psychological compatibility of the participants, the similarity of the group, a realistic representation of the conditions of the future route, training trips that are close in loads and climatic-geographical conditions to those actually coming (or better yet, twice as large).
Naturally, the above list does not exhaust all the factors that ensure long-term survival. If you find yourself in an emergency situation, you first need to decide what tactics to follow - active ( independent exit towards people) or passive (waiting for help). In case of passive survival, when there is absolute confidence that the missing person or group is being searched for, that rescuers know their location, and if there is a non-transportable victim among you, you need to immediately begin building a capital camp, installing emergency signals around the camp, and providing food on site.
All this will help organize the group's actions in a way that best ensures survival.
First of all, it is necessary to assess the current situation, which in turn consists of an assessment of the factors influencing survival.
1. health status of group members, physical and mental condition;
2. influence of the external environment (air temperature and atmospheric conditions in general, terrain, vegetation, presence and proximity of water sources, etc.).
3. availability emergency supplies food, water and emergency equipment.
Provide self- and mutual assistance (if necessary) and draw up an action plan based on specific conditions, which should include:
1. conducting terrain orientation and determining your location;
2. organization of a temporary camp. Selecting a suitable location for building a shelter, taking into account the terrain, vegetation, water sources, etc. Determining the place of food preparation, food storage, placement of latrines, location of signal fires;
3. provision of communications and signaling, preparation of radio equipment, operation and maintenance of them;
4. distribution of responsibilities between group members;
5. establishment of duty, tasks of duty officers and determination of the order of duty;
6. preparation of visual signaling means;
As a result, an optimal mode of behavior in the current situation should be developed.
1.4 Special signals
Rescuers must know and be able to apply special signals in practice. Rescuers can use fire smoke during the day and bright light at night to indicate their location. If you throw rubber, pieces of insulation, or oily rags into a fire, black smoke will be released, which is clearly visible in cloudy weather. To obtain white smoke, which is clearly visible in clear weather, green leaves, fresh grass, and raw moss should be thrown into the fire.
To send a signal from the ground to an air vehicle (airplane), you can use a special signal mirror (Fig. 1). It is necessary to hold it at a distance of 25-30 cm from the face and look through the sighting hole at the plane; turning the mirror, align the light spot with the sighting hole. If there is no signal mirror, objects with shiny surfaces can be used. To sight, you need to make a hole in the center of the object. The light beam must be sent along the entire horizon line even in cases where the noise of the aircraft engine is not heard.
Rice. 1 Special signal mirror
At night, the light of a hand-held electric flashlight, a torch, or a fire can be used for signaling.
A fire lit on a raft is one of the distress signals.
Good signaling means are brightly colored objects and special coloring powder (fluorescein, uranine), which are scattered on snow, ground, water, ice when an aircraft (helicopter) approaches.
In some cases, sound signals (scream, shot, knock), signal flares, and smoke bombs can be used.
One of the latest advances in targeting design is a small rubber balloon with a nylon shell, covered with four luminous colors, under which a light bulb flashes at night; the light from it is clearly visible at a distance of 4-5 km. Before launch, the balloon is filled with helium from a small capsule and held at a height of 90 m by a nylon rope. The weight of the set is 1.5 kg.
In order to facilitate the search, it is advisable to use the International Code Table of Airborne Signals “Ground - Air” (Fig. 2). Its signs can be laid out using available means (equipment, clothing, stones, trees), directly by people who must lie on the ground, snow, ice, trampled on the snow.
Rice. 2 International code table of air signals "Ground - Air"
1 - Need a doctor - serious bodily injury;
2 - Need medications;
3 - Unable to move;
4 - Need food and water;
5 - Weapons and ammunition required,
6 - Map and compass required:
7 - You need a warning lamp with a battery and a radio station;
8 - Specify the direction to follow;
9 - I am moving in this direction;
10 - Let's try to take off;
11 - The ship is seriously damaged;
12 - It is safe to land here;
13 - Fuel and oil required;
14 - Everything is fine;
15 - No or negative;
16 - Yes or positive;
17 - I don’t understand;
18 - Mechanic required;
19 - Operations completed;
20 - Nothing was found, we continue searching;
21 - Information has been received that the aircraft is in this direction;
22 - We found all the people;
23 - We found only a few people:
24 - We are unable to continue, we return to base;
25 - Divided into two groups, each following in the indicated direction.
1.5 Determining weather conditions
Along with the ability to give signals, rescuers must be able to work and live in field conditions, taking into account meteorological (weather) factors. Weather conditions and forecasts are monitored by special weather services. Weather information is transmitted via communications, in special reports, and plotted on maps using symbols.
In the absence of information about the weather, rescuers must be able to determine and predict it based on local signs. To obtain reliable information, it is advisable to make a weather forecast for several of them simultaneously.
1. Light frost or, with a south-west wind, a thaw;
2. As the thaw approaches, the blue spots over the forest intensify;
3. Steady southeast or northeast wind;
5. Light continuous snow;
The weather places certain demands on the organization of a bivouac, temporary housing, life and recreation during multi-day search and rescue operations. Taking this into account, rescuers organize a bivouac. It should be located in avalanche- and rockfall-proof areas, close to the source drinking water, have a supply of dead wood or firewood. You cannot set up a bivouac in dry beds of mountain rivers, near shallows, in dense bushes, coniferous thickets, near dry, hollow, rotten trees, or in thickets of flowering rhododendron. After removing stones, branches, debris from the site and leveling it, rescuers can begin setting up the tent. (Fig. 3)
In snowy winter conditions, rescuers must be able to arrange shelters in the snow. The simplest of them is a hole dug around a tree, the size of which depends on the number of people. The top of the hole must be covered with branches, dense fabric, and covered with snow for better thermal insulation. You can build a snow cave, a snow dugout, a snow trench. When entering a snow shelter, you should clear your clothing of snow and dirt, and take with you a shovel or knife that can be used to make ventilation holes and passage in the event of a snow collapse.
“Nodya” is good for cooking food, heating during an overnight stay, drying clothes and shoes. Two dry logs up to 3 m long are placed close to each other, flammable fuel (thin dry twigs, birch bark) is lit in the gap between them, after which a third dry log of the same length and thickness of 20-25 cm is placed on top. To prevent the logs from rolling out, with On two sides of them, flyers are driven into the ground. They will simultaneously serve as stands for the stick on which the pots are hung. The “nodya” flares up slowly, but burns with an even flame for several hours. Any fire must be lit only after careful preparation of the site: collecting dry grass and dead wood, making a hole in the ground, fencing the place where it will be lit with stones. The fuel for the fire is dry wood, grass, reeds, and shrubs. It has been noticed that burning spruce, pine, cedar, chestnut, and larch produce a lot of sparks. Oak, maple, elm, and beech burn calmly.
To prevent a fire from causing a fire, it should not be lit under low-lying tree branches, near flammable objects, on the leeward side of the bivouac, on peat bogs, near reed and reed thickets, dry grass, moss, in spruce and pine small forests. In these places, fire spreads at high speed and is difficult to extinguish.
In order to prevent the spread of fire, the fire must be surrounded by a ditch or stones. The safe distance from the fire to the tent is 10m. To dry clothes, shoes, and equipment by the fire, they should be hung on poles or ropes located on the leeward side at a sufficient distance from the fire. A mandatory rule is to extinguish the fire (with water, earth, snow) when leaving the bivouac.
When collecting plant gifts, you must be careful. About 2% of plants can cause severe and even fatal poisoning. To prevent poisoning, it is necessary to distinguish between such poisonous plants as crow's eye, wolf's bast, poisonous weed (hemlock), henbane, etc. Food poisoning is caused by toxic substances contained in some mushrooms: toadstool, fly agaric, false honey fungus, false chanterelle, etc. .
It is better to refrain from eating unfamiliar plants, berries, and mushrooms. If you are forced to use them for food, it is recommended to eat no more than 1 - 2 g of food mass at a time, if possible, washed down with plenty of water (plant poison contained in this proportion will not cause serious harm to the body). Wait 1-2 hours. If there are no signs of poisoning (nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dizziness, intestinal disorders), you can eat an additional 10 - 15 g. After a day, you can eat without restrictions.
An indirect sign of the edibility of a plant can be: fruits pecked by birds; a lot of seeds, scraps of peel at the foot of fruit trees; bird droppings on branches, trunks; plants gnawed by animals; fruits found in nests and burrows. Unfamiliar fruits, bulbs, tubers, etc. It is advisable to boil it. Cooking destroys many organic poisons.
It is permissible to eat fish meat raw, but it is better to cut it into narrow strips and dry them in the sun, so it will become tastier and last longer. To avoid fish poisoning, certain rules must be followed. You should not eat fish covered with thorns, spines, sharp growths, skin ulcers, fish that are not covered with scales, lack lateral fins, have an unusual appearance and bright color, hemorrhages and tumors of internal organs. You should not eat stale fish - with gills covered with mucus, with sunken eyes, flabby skin, unpleasant smell, with dirty and easily separated scales, with meat easily falling away from the bones and especially from the spine. It is better not to eat unfamiliar and questionable fish. You should also not eat fish caviar, milt, or liver, because... they are often poisonous.
Water from springs and springs, mountain and forest rivers and streams can be drunk raw. But before you quench your thirst with water from stagnant or low-flowing reservoirs, it must be cleaned of impurities and disinfected. For cleaning, it is easy to make the simplest filters from several layers of fabric or from an empty tin can, punching 3-4 small holes in the bottom and then filling it with sand. You can dig a shallow hole half a meter from the edge of the reservoir, and after a while it will be filled with clean, clear water.
To protect against mosquitoes and midges, it is necessary to lubricate exposed areas of the body with a thin layer of clay. Smoking fires are widely used to repel insects. To drive insects out of a hut before going to bed, burning coals are placed on a thick piece of bark and covered with damp moss on top. The smoker is brought into the shelter, kept there until it is filled with smoke, and then it is well ventilated and the entrance is tightly closed. At night, the smoker is left at the entrance on the leeward side so that the smoke, repelling insects, does not penetrate into the shelter.
During crossings, care must be taken not to step on the snake. If you unexpectedly encounter a snake, you must stop, let it crawl away and not chase it. If the snake shows aggressiveness, immediately deal a strong blow to the head and then finish it off. When bitten by a poisonous snake, you must carefully suck out the poison (if there are no cracks in your mouth or lips) and spit it out. Wash the wound and apply a bandage.
Ash bark has an anti-inflammatory effect. To do this, remove the bark from a branch that is not very young, but also not very old, and apply the juicy side to the wound. Fresh crushed nettle leaves help a lot. They promote blood clotting and stimulate tissue healing. For the same purposes, the wound can be sprinkled with greenish-brown pollen of a mature puffball mushroom, tightly clamping the cut with the velvety skin of the same mushroom turned inside out.
The burning reddish juice of lungwort can replace iodine. And white moss is used as a dressing with disinfectant effect. Fresh juice of plantain and wormwood stops bleeding and disinfects wounds, has an analgesic and healing effect. This tool is indispensable for severe bruises, sprains, as well as wasp and bumblebee bites. Plantain and wormwood leaves are crushed and applied to the wound.
List of used literature
1. Accidents and disasters. M., Publishing House of the Association of Construction Universities, 1998.
2. Military topography. M., Voenizdat, 1980.
3. Survival. Mn., “Lazurak”, 1996.
4. Disasters and people. M., Publishing House AST-LTD, 1997.
5. First aid for injuries and other life-threatening situations. St. Petersburg, DNA Publishing House LLC, 2001.
6. Search and rescue operations. M., Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, 2000.
7. Self-rescue without equipment. M., “Russian Journal”, 2000.
8. Textbook “Fundamentals of Military Topography” Svetlaya Roshcha, IPPK Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Republic of Belarus, 2001.
9. http://www.geoenv.ru/science/osipov_paper/osipov_paper-rus.htm.
10. http://www.ecosafe.nw.ru/Danger/mainDang.htm.
11. www.bgd-ru.ru.
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Urgent tasks of survival in conditions of autonomous existence. Building a temporary shelter, searching for food and drink. Establishing communications and preparing signaling equipment. Protection from environmental factors. First aid.
abstract, added 03/10/2017
Technology of conducting emergency rescue operations during liquidation of the consequences of a traffic accident. Personal protective equipment and equipment for rescuers. Ensuring quick access to the victim. Safety regulations requirements.
abstract, added 03/19/2015
Characteristics of the conditions and features of human existence in the world artificially created by him (city, village). The essence of human autonomous existence in nature. Recommendations for survival in conditions of autonomous existence, hunger, cold, heat, thirst.
course work, added 11/28/2010
Types of emergency situations at sea. Ship and individual, collective and auxiliary life-saving equipment. Survival at sea. Fighting a fire on a ship. Providing first aid. Construction and use of lifebuoys and life jackets.
