Conditioned and unconditioned reflexes are characteristic of the entire animal world.
In biology, they are considered as the result of a long evolutionary process and represent the response of the central nervous system to external influences environment.
They provide a very quick response to a particular stimulus, thereby significantly saving the resources of the nervous system.
IN modern science such reactions are described using several classifications that describe their features in different ways.
So, they come in the following types:
This is a term denoting a reflex formed as a result of the fact that simultaneously for a long time a stimulus that does not cause any reaction is presented with a stimulus that causes some specific unconditioned reflex. That is, the reflex response eventually extends to an initially indifferent stimulus.
Since it's more complex product nervous system, the central part of the neural arc of conditioned reflexes is located in the brain, specifically in the cerebral cortex.
The most striking and classic example is Pavlov’s dog. The dogs were presented with a piece of meat (this caused the release gastric juice and salivation) along with turning on the lamp. As a result, after a while, the process of activating digestion started when the lamp was turned on.
A familiar example from life is the feeling of cheerfulness from the smell of coffee. Caffeine does not yet have a direct effect on nervous system. He is outside the body - in a circle. But the feeling of vigor is triggered only by the smell.
Many mechanical actions and habits are also examples. We rearranged the furniture in the room, and the hand reaches in the direction where the closet used to be. Or a cat who runs to the bowl when he hears the rustling of a box of food.
They differ in that unconditional ones are innate. They are the same for all animals of one species or another, as they are inherited. They are quite unchanged throughout the life of a person or animal. From birth and always occur in response to receptor irritation, and are not produced.
Conditional ones are acquired throughout life, with experience in interaction with the environment. Therefore, they are quite individual - depending on the conditions under which it was formed. They are unstable throughout life and can fade away if they do not receive reinforcement.
Instinct, like reflex, is a biologically significant form of animal behavior. Only the second is a simple short response to a stimulus, and instinct is a more complex activity that has a specific biological goal.
The unconditioned reflex is always triggered. But instinct is only in a state of biological readiness of the body to trigger this or that behavior. For example, mating behavior in birds is triggered only during a certain period of the year when chick survival may be maximum.
In short, they cannot change during life. They do not differ between different animals of the same species. They cannot disappear or stop appearing in response to a stimulus.
Extinction occurs as a result of the fact that the stimulus (stimulus) ceases to coincide in time of presentation with the stimulus that caused the reaction. Need reinforcements. Otherwise, without reinforcement, they lose their biological significance and fade away.
These include the following types: blinking, swallowing, vomiting, orientation, maintaining balance associated with hunger and satiety, inhibition of movement in inertia (for example, during a push).
The disruption or disappearance of any type of these reflexes can be a signal of serious disturbances in the functioning of the brain.
An example of a painful reaction is pulling your hand away from a hot kettle. This is without conditional view , the body's response to dangerous influence environment.
The blink reaction is an unconditional type. It occurs as a result of dry eyes and to protect against mechanical damage. All animals and humans have it.
This is a conditional view. It is formed due to the fact that the rich taste of lemon provokes salivation so often and strongly that simply looking at it (and even remembering it) triggers a response.
In humans, unlike animals, the conditioned appearance is developed faster. But for all, the mechanism is the same - joint presentation of stimuli. One, causing an unconditioned reflex, and the other, an indifferent one.
For example, for a teenager who falls off a bicycle while listening to some specific music, later unpleasant feelings that arise while listening to the same music can become the acquisition of a conditioned reflex.
They enable an animal with consistent, unchanging unconditioned reactions and instincts to adapt to conditions that are constantly changing.
At the level of the entire species, this is an opportunity to live at the maximum large areas with different weather conditions, with different levels of food supply. In general, they provide the ability to react flexibly and adapt to the environment.
Unconditioned and conditioned responses are extremely important for the survival of the animal. But it is in interaction that they allow us to adapt, reproduce and raise the healthiest offspring possible.
Option I
1. Which of the following reflexes is unconditioned?
A. Salivation when food is shown B. The dog’s reaction to the owner’s voice
2. If in a room where the dog develops a salivary reflex to the lighting of a light bulb, the receiver suddenly turns on, then its sound...
A. Is a conditioned stimulus B. Is an indifferent stimulus
B. Is an unconditioned stimulus D. Causes inhibition of the reflex
3. The conditioned reflex will be strong if the conditioned stimulus.
A. Constantly reinforce with unconditional B. Reinforce with unconditional irregularly
B. Do not reinforce with unconditional D. Either reinforce with unconditional, or do not reinforce for a long time
4. What sign is characteristic of an unconditioned reflex?
A. Characteristic of all individuals of a given species B. Acquired during life
B. Not inherited D. Produced in each individual of the species
5. Higher nervous activity includes:
A. Mental, speech activity and memory B. Group of orienting reflexes
V. reflexes that provide organic needs (hunger, thirst, etc.)
6. What is a need?
A. A complex complex of adaptive motor acts aimed at satisfying the body’s needs
B. The need for something necessary to maintain the life and development of the organism
IN. Inner world human D. The main form of activity of the nervous system.
7. What form of higher nervous activity is characteristic of humans?
A. Conditioned reflexes B. Unconditioned reflexes
B. elementary rationality
8. Made a great contribution to the doctrine of higher nervous activity
A. B. V. Louis
A. Stops for the entire duration of sleep B. Stops for the duration of slow-wave sleep
B. Does not change at all D. Reorganizes, changing cyclically throughout sleep
10. Instinct is:
A. Genetically fixed behavior B. Experience acquired during life
B. Behavior resulting from goal-directed learning
11. What, according to, is “an extraordinary addition to the mechanisms of the brain ?
A. Rational activity B. Emotions: C. Speech
12. First signaling system:
A. Analyzes sign signals coming in the form of symbols (words, signs, images)
B. Analyzes signals coming from external environment B. Analyzes both types of signals
13. The most important function of speech is:
A. Generalization and abstract thinking B. Notation specific examples B. Expressing emotions
14. Dreams occur during A. NREM sleep B. REM sleep B. In both cases
15. A cat’s courtship of kittens is:
A. Conditioned reflex B. Complex chain of unconditioned reflexes
B. Combination of skills and unconditioned reflexes
16. The concentration of consciousness on a particular type of activity, object:
A. attention B. memory
17. Which form of inhibition is inherited? ?
A. internal B. There are no such things
18. What you can't see in dreams ? A. present B. future
19. How does a conditioned reflex differ from an unconditioned reflex?
20. What importance does sleep have for the body?
21. How does human thinking differ from the rational activity of animals? ?
22.1 - B; 2 - G; 3 - A; 4 - A; 5 - A; 6 - B; 7 - B; 8 - B; 9 -G; 10-A; 11 - B; 12 - B;
23.13 -A; 14-A; 15 -B; 16 - B; 17 - B; 18 - B; 19 - unconditioned reflexes are inherited, and conditioned reflexes are developed after birth during life; 20 - rest of the brain, active restructuring of its work, necessary for organizing the information received during wakefulness; 21 - thinking is a way, based on known knowledge, to obtain new information and generalize known facts. Rational activity is the highest form of adaptation to environmental conditions.
HIGH NERVOUS ACTIVITY OF HUMAN
Option II
1. Which of the following reflexes is conditioned? ?
A. Salivation when showing food
B. Pulling your hand away from a hot object
2. If a dog develops a conditioned salivary reflex to the ignition of an electric light bulbs, then food in this case...
A. Is a conditioned stimulus
B. Is an indifferent stimulus
B. Is an unconditioned stimulus
D. Causes inhibition of the reflex
3. What forms of higher nervous activity are observed in animals?
A. Only unconditioned and conditioned reflexes
B. Unconditioned and conditioned reflexes and elementary rational activity
B. Thinking
D. Only elementary rational activity
4. Conditioned reflex...
A. Characteristic of all individuals of a given species
B. Acquired during life
B. Passed on by inheritance
D. Is congenital
5. Which form of higher nervous activity correlates with the ability to solve mathematical problems?
A. Conditioned reflexes
B. Unconditioned reflexes
B. Abstract thinking
D. Elementary rational activity
6. In the room where the dog develops a salivary reflex to the light bulb, the radio is constantly on. In this case, the radio acts as...
A. Conditioned stimulus
B. Indifferent stimulus
B. Unconditioned stimulus
D. Factor that causes inhibition of the reflex
7. During REM sleep
A. Temperature decreases
B. Breathing slows down
B. Movement occurs eyeballs under closed eyelids
D. Blood pressure decreases
8. The body’s response to receptor irritation with the participation and control of the nervous system is called:
A. Humoral regulation
B. Reflex
B. Automaticity
D. Conscious activity
9. During sleep, brain activity:
A. Stops for the entire duration of sleep
B. Stops during slow wave sleep
B. Doesn’t change at all
D. Rebuilds, changing cyclically throughout sleep
10. A car suddenly drove by at high speed right in front of the schoolboy. He stopped dead in his tracks. Poch to him ?
A. External braking activated
B. The conditioned reflex worked
B. Internal braking has activated
11. Second alarm system:
A. Analyzes sign signals coming in the form of symbols (words, signs, images) B. Analyzes signals coming from the external environment
B. Analyzes both types of signals
12. Rational activity is...
A. The highest form of adaptation to environmental conditions
B. Ability to speak
B. Ability to use tools
13. Dreams arise during the period
A. NREM sleep
B. REM sleep
B. In both cases
14. A person falls asleep:
A. Only reflexively
B. Under the influence of humoral processes
B. Under the influence of humoral and reflex processes
15. Who was the first to explain the reflex principle of the brain?
G. II. I. Anokhin
16. What did you understand by the name “signals of signals”?
A. First signaling system
B. Second signaling system
B. Reflex
17. Experiences in which people’s relationships to the world around them and to themselves are manifested are called:
A. Training
B. Memory
B. Emotions
18. What is the biological significance of inhibition of conditioned reflexes?
19. What is more difficult to develop: knowledge, skills or abilities?
20.What is another name for a chain of conditioned reflexes?
Option II
1 - B; 2 - B; 3 - B; 4 - B; 5 - B; 6 - G; 7 - B; 8 - B; 9 -G; 10-A; 11-A; 12 -A; 13 - B; 14 -B; 15 -V; 16 - B; 17 - B; 18 - allows you to adapt to specific living conditions; 19 - skills; 20 - dynamic stereotype.
HIGH NERVOUS ACTIVITY OF HUMAN
5. What is a need?
8. Instinct is...
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
HIGH NERVOUS ACTIVITY OF HUMAN
1. If in a room where a dog develops a salivary reflex to the lighting of a light bulb, the receiver suddenly turns on, then its sound is ...
2. The conditioned reflex will be strong if the conditioned stimulus...
3. What signs are characteristic of an unconditioned reflex?
4. Higher nervous activity includes...
5. What is a need?
6. He made a great contribution to the doctrine of higher nervous activity in the study of conditioned reflexes
7. During sleep, brain activity...
8. Instinct is...
9. The first signaling system is...
10. The most important function of speech is...
11. Dreams arise during the period….
12. Cat grooming kittens is an example...
13. The concentration of consciousness on one or another type of activity or object is called...:
14. Which form of inhibition is inherited?
15. How does human thinking differ from the rational activity of animals?
16. How does a conditioned reflex differ from an unconditioned one?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
HIGH NERVOUS ACTIVITY OF HUMAN
1. If in a room where a dog develops a salivary reflex to the lighting of a light bulb, the receiver suddenly turns on, then its sound is ...
2. The conditioned reflex will be strong if the conditioned stimulus...
3. What signs are characteristic of an unconditioned reflex?
4. Higher nervous activity includes...
5. What is a need?
6. He made a great contribution to the doctrine of higher nervous activity in the study of conditioned reflexes
7. During sleep, brain activity...
8. Instinct is...
9. The first signaling system is...
10. The most important function of speech is...
11. Dreams arise during the period….
12. Cat grooming kittens is an example...
13. The concentration of consciousness on one or another type of activity or object is called...:
14. Which form of inhibition is inherited?
15. How does human thinking differ from the rational activity of animals?
16. How does a conditioned reflex differ from an unconditioned one?
Functions: 1.regulates work bodies, ensuring their coordinated work;
2.provides accommodation body to environmental conditions(and information comes through the senses).
Parts of the nervous system:
Central part (CNS)– this is the spinal cord and brain;
Peripheral- nerves and ganglia.
Divisions of the Nervous System:
Somatic(from Greek soma - body) - controls the work of skeletal muscles (controlled by consciousness and will).
Vegetative / Autonomous- regulates metabolism, the functioning of internal organs and smooth muscle function.
– its work does not depend on our desires (we cannot intentionally stop or increase the work of the heart, blush or turn pale (some people succeed, but after long training and in an indirect way). Intervene with the work of internal organs, regulated by the autonomic nervous system, stop illness, overcome alcoholism and drug addiction without medical care it is forbidden).
Rice. Nervous system:
1 - brain;
2 - spinal cord;
4 - nerve nodes.
Reflex- This simplest form nervous regulation.
Reflexes exist in both the somatic and autonomic parts of the nervous system. .
The reflex is based on chain of neurons or reflex arc.
5 reflex arc linksUnconditional / Congenital reflex of the somatic department N.S. :
1.Receptor - these are nerve formations that perceive and transform irritation into nerve impulses→
2.Sensory Neuron (their bodies are in nerve nodes) - perceives irritations through receptors .
Nerve impulses arising from irritation are transmitted along the dendrite →into the body sensory neuron→ along the axon to the brain→
3. on Interneurons - their processes do not extend beyond the central nervous system / CNS(brain and spinal cord) - processing of received information→
4. after, the signals are transmitted Executive / motor neurons, whose nerve impulses cause work →
5.Organa .
(Example: Blink reflex, Knee reflex, Salivary reflex, Hand withdrawal from a hot object).
5 links of the Reflex Arc of the Blink Reflex
Receipt blink reflex and conditions causing its inhibition:
When touching inner corner eyes, involuntary blinking of both eyes occurs.
Figure 1 shows the reflex arc of this reflex.
The circle is the area of the medulla oblongata where the centers of the blink reflex are located. The cell bodies of sensory neurons 2 lie outside the brain in the ganglion.
Irritation of receptors → flow of nerve impulses directed along the dendrite To body sensitive neuron 2 and from it axon V medulla oblongata. There's excitement through synapses transmitted interneurons 3. Information is processed by the brain, including the cortex. We felt a touch in the corner of our eyes! → then executive neuron 4 is excited, excitation along the axon reaches orbicularis muscles eyes 5 and causes blinking. Let's continue observing.
But, if you touch the inner corner of the eye several times - reflex slowed down.
When answering, we must take into account that, along with direct connections, according to which the “orders” of the brain go to the organs, there are also feedbacks, carrying information from organs to the brain. Since our touches to the eyes were not dangerous, the reflex died out after some time.
A completely different result would have been if a speck had gotten into the eye. Disturbing information would reach the brain and increase the response to stimulation. In all likelihood, we would try to remove the speck.
With willpower you can slow down blink reflex:
To do this, touch with a clean finger to the inner corner of the eye and try not to blink. Many people succeed. Impulses emanating from the cortex, the nerve centers of the medulla oblongata are inhibited - this is central braking , discovered by a Russian physiologist Sechenov: « Higher Brain Centers capable of regulating work Lower Centers: strengthen or inhibit reflexes.”
Knee reflex of the spinal cord: cross your legs. Relax the muscles of the crossed leg. Using the edge of your palm, hit the quadriceps tendon of the crossed leg. The leg should jump. Don't be surprised if the reflex doesn't happen. To get into the reflexogenic zone, you need to stretch the tendon. In all other cases there will be no reflex.
Levels of Organism Organization:cellular, tissue, organ, systemic, organismal.
Organ level form organs - independent anatomical formations, occupying a certain place in the body, having a certain structure and performing certain functions.
System level represented by groups (systems) of organs performing common functions.
Organism as a whole, combining the work of all systems, it constitutes the organismal level.
Behavioral level, which determines the organism’s adaptation to the natural, and in humans, to the social environment.
The nervous and endocrine regulatory systems unite all levels of the body, providing coordinated work all executive bodies and their systems.
What is a reflex and a reflex arc? Give an example of a reflex arc.
A reflex is the body's response to stimulation, carried out with the participation of the central nervous system.
A reflex arc is a chain nerve cells involved in the implementation of the reflex. The reflex arc begins with a receptor that perceives stimuli and converts them into nerve impulses. Through sensory neurons, nerve impulses are transmitted to the central nervous system, where they are processed and transmitted (in most cases with the participation of interneurons) on motor neurons that conduct nerve impulses to the working organ.
For example, consider the reflex arc of a specific reflex - withdrawing a hand from a hot object. When touching a hot object high temperature perceive special receptors. They transmit the signal along sensory fibers to the spinal cord, and from there nerve impulse along motor neurons it comes to individual muscle fibers of the extensor muscles, which causes them to contract and withdraw the hand from the hot object.
