“Dental care rules” - Choosing a toothbrush and toothpaste. Useful tips. How to brush your teeth correctly. The structure of the tooth. Rules for brushing teeth. Dental hygiene. Learn the rules of brushing your teeth. The toothbrush is positioned vertically, the direction of movement is from the gums. An hour for a healthy smile. Finish brushing your teeth with circular movements. Study the structure of the tooth.
"Children's teeth" - Pediatric dentistry. The effectiveness of the method of silvering teeth has not been proven during extensive. Misconceptions about pediatric dentistry. How to take care of your teeth. Milk teeth. The best way to treat caries. Children's teeth. Baby's teeth. Pain in teeth. Carious teeth. Bracket systems. Malocclusion.
“Prevention of caries in children” - Prevention of caries in school-age children. The role of nutrition in the prevention of caries. How many teeth should a person have? Toothpastes. Dentist. Oral hygiene. Course of orthodontic treatment. Flossing. How to prevent the development of caries. Child's dental health. Personal oral hygiene.
“Beautiful and healthy teeth” - Products. Sore tooth. Smoking harms your teeth. How many times a year should you change your toothbrush? Sweets. Get checked by a dentist. Which tooth is healthy and which is sick. Use only high-quality pastes. Game. Healthy teeth. Guess the riddles.
“Healthy teeth” - When writing, the light should fall... You need to brush your teeth... Chewing surfaces of the teeth: Test yourself: How to brush your teeth correctly? The toothbrush is placed horizontally and a cleaning motion is performed. The use of sugar-free chewing gum also gives good results. Name 1 product of plant origin.
"Caries" - Dental diseases. Dental caries. Risk factors for caries. Caries of milk teeth. Facts. Fluoride deficiency. Bottle caries. Local risk factors for caries. Increasing the duration of breastfeeding. Breast-feeding. Prevention strategy. International Dentist Day.
There are a total of 14 presentations in the topic
The work was carried out by student of group No. 4508 Gabidullina Aliya
Slide 2
Caries is caused not only by a love of sweets and poor oral hygiene, but also by such a seemingly harmless “process” as kissing. The reason is that during it a person transmits some of his bacteria, including cariogenic ones. Caring for loved ones is a good reason to monitor the health of your teeth. Another risk factor for caries is that right-handers have it, since when brushing their teeth they pay more attention to the right side of the jaw. Strangely, this feature is not observed in left-handed people.
Slide 3
Caries (lat. caries - decay) is a complex, slow-moving pathological process in the hard tissues of the tooth, developing as a result of the complex influence of unfavorable external and internal factors.
Slide 4
The main cause of the disease is cariogenic microorganisms (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis, etc.). They feed on carbohydrates and secrete waste products in the form of organic acids and toxins. It is the acids that “corrode” the enamel, that is, they violate its integrity, resulting in the formation of a carious cavity. Of course, harmful bacteria live in the oral cavity of any person. But why do some people constantly suffer from caries, while others do not need the help of a dentist at all? The thing is that microbes are activated only when exposed to external and internal unfavorable factors.
Slide 5
Presence of dental plaque Poor hygiene, irregular and poor quality teeth cleaning lead to the accumulation of plaque. They contain a large number of cariogenic bacteria. Over time, soft bacterial plaque turns into hard tartar, which adheres tightly to the enamel. It can no longer be removed with a regular toothbrush, so you have to go to the dentist.
Slide 6
An adult produces approximately 2 liters of saliva per day. This liquid washes away plaque from the enamel surface and neutralizes the effect of acids due to the alkaline environment. It also contains beneficial immunoglobulins (proteins that destroy viruses and bacteria). Various functional disorders of the salivary glands lead to insufficient production of saliva, changes in its composition or pH level. All this increases the caries susceptibility of the tooth surface.
Slide 7
Teeth with flask-shaped fissures are more susceptible to caries; these are natural grooves on the chewing surface. In such pits, food particles quickly accumulate and microbial plaque forms.
Slide 8
Crowded teeth make it difficult to maintain proper hygiene and create conditions for food particles to accumulate in the mouth. In addition, improper occlusion (closing the jaws) leads to increased chewing load on individual teeth, which accelerates the carious process. You can also add the habit of chewing food on one side of the jaw.
Slide 9
Remember the formula: carbohydrates + bacteria = acids. As noted above, cariogenic bacteria (streptococci, lactobacilli, actinomycetes) feed on carbohydrates. As a result, the fermentation process in the mouth begins. The most intensive fermentation of sucrose occurs; it is a simple carbohydrate found in confectionery products and sweet carbonated drinks. Starch and fructose are less dangerous.
Slide 10
Biological Systemic diseases of the body. It has been proven that chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, endocrine and cardiovascular systems increase the risk of caries. Genetic predisposition. We inherit from our parents the structure of hard dental tissues, as well as their resistance to adverse effects.
Slide 11
Taking medications. Some medications (antihistamines, sedatives, antidepressants) cause dry mouth, which promotes the proliferation of cariogenic bacteria. State of immunity. People with high immunity have low activity of pathogenic microflora in the mouth. Stress
Slide 12
Climate and insolation (exposure to sunlight) also affect the occurrence of caries. People living in northern regions where cloudy weather prevails are more likely to encounter the problem of tooth decay. Another important indicator is the water hardness (concentration of calcium and magnesium salts) and its saturation with fluorine. With a decrease in the amount of minerals, the risk of carious processes increases. Normally, the fluorine content in water is 0.8-1.2 mg/l. Air pollution must also be taken into account. In rural and mountainous areas, where the air is absolutely clean, the level of dental problems is 20% lower than in the city.
Slide 13
Diet. Frequent snacking, fast food, and eating exclusively soft foods contribute to the formation of “holes” in the teeth. Profession. At risk are people working in enterprises that produce acids, alkalis, toxic drugs, as well as employees of confectionery shops. Age. At the age of 2 to 11 years, the dynamics of caries formation increases by 60%; it begins to decline only after 40 years.
Slide 14
Floor. In women, enamel deteriorates more often, but this is mainly due to the period of pregnancy and lactation, when there is a deficiency of calcium and fluoride in the body. Origin (race). Statistics show that representatives of the Negroid race are less susceptible to cariogenic processes compared to white people who live in the same territory. Country of Residence. In the USA, 99% of the population suffers from tooth decay, but in Nigeria - only 2%. Why is this happening? Most likely, this is influenced by the mineral content in the soil and water, as well as the culture of food consumption (food in the USA is not the healthiest and most natural).
Slide 15
A cariogenic situation in the oral cavity is a combination of all necessary and sufficient risk factors for the development of caries, which will ultimately lead to the development of demineralization of hard dental tissues.
Slide 16
O.V. Udovitskaya (1987) identifies 7 main signs of caries risk: 1) viscous saliva; 2) acidic reaction of the oral environment; 3) a tendency to superficial deposits of dental plaque under normal hygienic conditions; 4) hypoplasia of tooth enamel as an indicator of defective development of enamel; 5) premature teething (for six months or more - temporary, for a year or more - permanent); 6) and hereditary tendency; 7) toxicosis and maternal pregnancy. The effect of these factors is easier to understand if the normal state of enamel is considered as a dynamic equilibrium between the constant processes of de- and remineralization. In the case when the processes of demineralization in dental tissues prevail over remineralization, an area of demineralization appears in the form of a carious spot. Subsequent progress in the process of demineralization of enamel and dentin leads to the formation of a carious cavity.
Slide 17
One of the promising directions for increasing the effectiveness of anti-caries measures is to identify risk groups that need a larger volume of caries-preventive interventions. Along with oral hygiene and fluoridation, means and methods are used that increase the overall resistance of the body, including hardening and sports, physiotherapy and medications.
Slide 18
Recommendations for patients to reduce the cariogenic potential of nutrition: the need to reduce the total consumption of sugars; the benefits of reducing the frequency of sugar consumption; the importance of reducing the residence time of sugars in the oral cavity; the importance of replacing easily metabolized sugars with non-metabolizable ones (sweeteners). In recommendations for a balanced diet, one should not forget about the role of food as a factor in the self-cleaning of the oral cavity, the natural process of getting rid of food residues and soft plaque. One of the ways to increase self-cleaning of the oral cavity is to eat solid foods (raw vegetables, hard fruits). Good training of the dental system occurs when eating hard, dry food that requires copious salivation and prolonged chewing.
Slide 19
To determine the resistance of tooth enamel to caries, the enamel resistance test (TER-TEST) is used; V. G. Okushko, L. I. Kosareva, 1983) It allows you to establish the functional resistance of enamel to acid. The test can be used as a primary diagnostic test, as well as for an objective assessment of the effectiveness of remineralization therapy during clinical observation and treatment of patients.
Slide 20
Professional oral hygiene is carried out - the tooth crowns are treated with distilled water and a cotton swab, dried - a drop of 1% hydrochloric acid solution with a diameter of no more than 2 mm is applied to the vestibular surface of the central upper incisor. -in 5s. the acid is washed off with distilled water - the tooth crown is dried with a cotton swab - a swab soaked in a 1% aqueous solution of methylene blue is applied to the surface of the crown - the dye is removed from the surface of the enamel with one movement of the cotton swab - the test is assessed using a special 10-point color scale - a fluorine-containing varnish is applied to the demineralization zone.
Slide 21
According to a 10-point blue scale, the degree of tooth resistance to caries is determined:
1-3 points - the area is painted in a pale blue color, which determines the significant structural and functional resistance of the enamel and the high resistance of teeth to caries. 4-6 points - the area is painted blue, which determines the average structural and functional resistance of the enamel and the average resistance of teeth to caries 7-9 points the area is painted blue, which determines a decrease in the structural and functional resistance of the enamel and a high risk of caries 10 points - the area is colored dark blue, which characterizes the extremely reduced structural and functional resistance of the enamel and the maximum risk of caries.
Slide 22
Research methods CRT (color reaction time) - color reaction time (Walter, 1958; Mayvold, Jager, 1978)
Purpose: to study the rate of dissolution of enamel in acid. Method: study the time required to neutralize a standard amount of acid with ions more or less actively emerging from enamel apatites dissolved by this acid. The transition from an acidic to a neutral environment is determined using an acid-base indicator. Material and equipment 1N hydrochloric acid solution. Micropipette. A disk of filter paper with a diameter of 3 mm, soaked for 30 s in a 0.02% aqueous solution of crystal violet, which is yellow in acidic pH and violet in neutral pH. Stopwatch
Slide 23
Methodology Tooth 12 is isolated from saliva, cleaned of plaque with a brush and dried. A disk of paper is placed on the vestibular surface, and 1.5 μl of 1H HCI is applied to it using a micropipette (after the test, remineralizing agents must be applied!) Registration of results The time during which the color of the disk changes from yellow to purple is recorded Interpretation of CRT results > 60 s - solubility is low, caries resistance is high; CRT< 60 с - растворимость высокая, кариесрезистентность
Slide 24
Purpose: Determine the density of the crystal lattice of the enamel surface. The method is based on the differences in the optical properties of resistant and labile enamel: well-mineralized, dense enamel reflects light more and absorbs it less (i.e. diffusely scatters) than loose caries-labile enamel Material and equipment Helium-neon laser LGN- 105 with a wavelength of 0.63 microns. A device for photographing laser light reflected by enamel. Reflected light characteristics meter Methodology The tooth is cleaned, dried, and a beam of laser light is directed at it. The beam of light reflected by the enamel is photographed. Registration of results. The characteristics of the reflected light are compared with a standard scale, the proportion of unreturned, i.e. scattered light (diffuse component) from the original beam is calculated. Interpretation of the results. The diffuse component is less than 0.24 - the enamel is caries-resistant; more than 0.30 - caries-weak
Slide 25
Purpose: to determine the density of the crystal lattice of tooth enamel. The method is based on the fact that mature healthy enamel with a dense crystalline structure is a dielectric for direct current (its electrical conductivity is zero), but the looser the structure of the enamel, the more current carriers it contains and, accordingly, the higher its electrical conductivity. The electrical conductivity of enamel is defined as the current strength in a direct current circuit, the element of which is the tooth. Material and equipment Galvanometer with a division value of 0.11x106 A, with an active electrode (capillary glass tube) and a passive electrode placed in the vestibule of the oral cavity ; a constant voltage of 3 V is created on the electrodes. Electrolyte solution 10% NaCI, providing electrically conductive contact between the active electrode and the enamel
Slide 26
Methodology The surface under study is cleaned, dried, and isolated. The capillary of the active electrode is filled with electrolyte (to do this, the end of the tube is placed in the solution, after which it is installed on the surface under study) Registration of results Using a galvanometer, the magnitude of the direct current conducted by the enamel is determined Interpretation of the results Electrical conductivity of the enamel up to 3-5 mA or more indicates its incomplete mineralization and, accordingly, low caries resistance or carious demineralization of enamel
Slide 27
Purpose: to determine the quantitative content of Ca and P in the composition of enamel using chemical quantitative analysis of enamel in vitro Material and equipment Muffle furnace. Reagent kits for quantitative analysis. Laboratory glassware Methodology Enamel is ashed in an oven at t = 500°. 10 mg of the resulting ash is dissolved in 0.5 ml of concentrated HCI and adjusted with distilled water to the volume required for chemical analysis. Registration of results. Results are obtained using complexometric, photocolorimetric, spectrophotometric and other methods of quantitative analysis. Interpretation of results. The results are most informative in a comparative aspect.
Slide 28
Enamel biopsy (determination of intravital enamel solubility); (Leontyev V.K., Distel V.A., 1974)
Purpose: quantitative analysis of the mineral composition (Ca, P) of enamel, or more precisely, that part of its apatites that react with acid). The method is based on the theory that calcium-saturated enamel can release ions of this element in relatively larger quantities than caries-labile enamel to neutralize acid, while maintaining the apatite structure. Enamel is studied in vivo Material and equipment Hydrochloric acid buffer solution (97 ml 1N HCI and 50 ml KCI) is mixed and added to 200 ml with distilled water; For viscosity, add glycerin 1:1. Microsyringe for application of buffer solution and aspiration of acidic enamel biopsy
Slide 29
Methodology The tooth is isolated from saliva, cleaned, and dried. A drop of demineralizing buffer solution with a volume of 3 μl is applied to the enamel surface. After 1 minute, the entire volume of the drop (biopsy) is taken with a microsyringe, the biopsy is transferred to a test tube with 1 ml of distilled water and used for quantitative chemical analysis. Registration of results. Results are obtained using complexometric, photocolorimetric, spectrophotometric and other methods of quantitative analysis. Interpretation of results. The technique allows you to assess the condition of enamel in a comparative aspect, therefore it is actively used to study the degree of risk of developing caries in some people compared to others, to study changes in enamel that occur under the influence of mineralizing prophylaxis, etc. (it is important to remember that with an increase in enamel caries resistance due to the formation of fluorapatites in it, the solubility of the enamel decreases, the amount of calcium in the biopsy drops)
Slide 30
Purpose: accurate quantitative determination of the mineral composition of the enamel of extracted teeth using spectral analysis Material and equipment Diamond disc for preparing enamel samples. 10% formaldehyde. Carbon-based glue, scanning electron microscope with a spectrometer Methodology Extracted teeth are washed with distilled water, fixed in formaldehyde, sawed in the vestibulo-oral direction, degreased, glued to the stage with conductive glue, placed on a vacuum station, where samples are sprayed with a carbon film to obtain a conductive layer Registration of results Study the quantitative content of calcium, phosphorus, iron, carbon, sodium, silicon, chlorine, chromium, fluorine, magnesium, aluminum, zinc, copper, titanium in the enamel Interpretation of the results The results of the most informative in a comparative aspect
Slide 31
It is believed that saliva nourishes the tooth in the same way that blood nourishes the body. Enamel is represented as crystals in a solution of its own ions. The fate of the crystals - their dissolution, stability or restoration - is determined by the degree of saturation of saliva with calcium ions, phosphates and hydroxyl groups, and this in turn depends on the concentration of ions in saliva and its acidity.
Slide 32
The concentration of ions in saliva is a homeostatic factor and is carefully controlled by neurohumoral mechanisms. It is believed that the mineral content in saliva depends on age and is relatively lower in children. Typically, the average calcium content in the saliva of adults is 1.7 mmol/l (in blood plasma - 2.5 mmol/l), the phosphate content in saliva is 5.5 mmol/l, in blood plasma is about 1 mmol/l. Due to the different ratios of calcium and phosphorus concentrations, it turns out that the blood is supersaturated with hydroxyapatite by 2-3 times, and saliva by 4.5 times, due to which saliva has a greater mineralizing potential. Supersaturated solutions do not precipitate due to the fact that the ions are “interlayered” with statherin proteins, associated with proline-rich proteins and are largely (about 45% calcium ions and 6% phosphates) involved in the composition of micelles.
Slide 33
From a supersaturated solution, ions easily penetrate into the hydration shell of enamel apatites and create a depot in it, from which they then slowly penetrate deep into the structure of the crystals along a concentration gradient. Thus, the supersaturated state of saliva organizes the mineralization and remineralization of enamel, and the undersaturated state organizes the reverse process, i.e. demineralization of hard tissues. In the presence of some accelerating microelements, the most famous of which is fluoride, the processes of mineralization and remineralization proceed more efficiently: their speed increases, qualitative changes occur in enamel apatites (magnesium, chlorine and hydroxyl ions are replaced by fluorides), leading to the creation of less soluble crystals, than the original ones.
Slide 34
The mineralizing potential of saliva is indirectly assessed by whether crystals form when a drop of saliva slowly dries. To conduct the study you need to have a pipette, a glass slide and a microscope. Unstimulated saliva is collected from the bottom of the mouth with a pipette and applied to a glass slide. The saliva dries in air at room temperature or in a thermostat. Dried drops are examined in a microscope in reflected light at low magnification (2x6). .
Slide 35
The nature of the pattern on the glass is assessed as follows: 1 point - a scattering of chaotically located structures of irregular shape; 2 points - a thin grid of lines across the entire field of view; 3 points - individual crystals of irregular shape against the background of a grid and blocks; 4 points - tree-like crystals of medium size; 5 points - clear, large, fern- or parquet-like crystalline structure. In this way, each drop of saliva out of three is evaluated and the average value of the MPS is calculated. MPS indicators from 0 to 1 are considered very low, from 1.1 to 2.0 - low, from 2.1 to 3.0 - satisfactory, from 3.1 to 4.0 - high, from 4.1 to 5, 0 — very high
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Slide 1
Sanitation of the oral cavity in children and its role in the prevention of dental diseases. Medical examination of children at the dentist.Slide 2
SECONDARY PREVENTION 1. Early and timely detection of the first signs of disease in the oral cavity 2. Application of traditional methods of treating diseases (therapeutic, surgical) in order to prevent their progression.
Slide 3
Main groups of secondary prevention measures 1. National: Sanitation of the oral cavity of children and adolescents Sanitation of pregnant women Medical examination of the child population 2. Individual: Regular removal of dental plaque Treatment of gingivitis Treatment of initial forms of caries Surgical and orthodontic measures Physiotherapy
Slide 4
The sanitation system is regular examinations after a certain time and sanitation of the oral cavity. Treatment of all teeth affected by caries and its complications (permanent and temporary). Removal of supra- and subgingival dental plaque. Replacement of irrational fillings. Removal of damaged and untreatable teeth and roots. Treatment of periodontal diseases and oral mucosa Detection and treatment of malocclusions in the early stages
Slide 5
The planned rehabilitation should include the entire child population. Sanitation is carried out at least once a year, professional examinations are carried out 2 times a year. Sanitation should include the entire range of activities for each child. Planned sanitation is accompanied by an analysis of morbidity, a study of the dynamics of morbidity, and taking into account the effectiveness of measures. Hygienic education of children, development of their oral care skills.
Slide 6
Forms of rehabilitation 1. Individual 2. One-time 3. Planned Methods of rehabilitation 1. Centralized 2. Decentralized
Slide 7
1. Centralized Pros: Possibility of conducting additional examination methods. Availability of junior and secondary medical students. personnel. Possibility of physical procedures Consultation with dentists of other specialties. Possibility of removing temporary teeth Disadvantages: The need to accompany children to sanitation Disengagement of schoolchildren from school The child gets tired while waiting for an appointment
Slide 8
Decentralized Pros: 100% coverage of sanitation Students are not interrupted from classes There is no need to transport children and accompany them The doctor is not limited in time It is possible to carry out sanitary and educational work Cons: There is no possibility of additional examination methods and physical procedures Impossibility of carrying out removals There is no possibility of consulting other specialists Possibly insufficient equipment.
Slide 9
Documentation 1. Sanitation card, form No. 267 Life history, state of health of the child, state of oral hygiene, fills in the dental formula. 2. Journal of the dentist’s work Daily work records 3. Monthly report of the dentist’s work
Slide 10
Quantitative indicators of sanitation 1. Percentage of children in need of sanitation among those examined 2. Number of missing teeth per 1000 children 3. Coverage of sanitation: number of sanitized / number of those in need of sanitation x 100% 4. Coverage of sanitation of patients with uncomplicated caries 5 . Coverage of rehabilitation of patients with complicated caries, cured in one visit. 6. Number of cases of complicated caries in temporary teeth, permanent teeth per 1000 children 7. Number of UET performed by a doctor per day
Slide 11
Qualitative indicators of rehabilitation 1. Duration of treatment 2. Timeliness of treatment 3. Completeness of treatment 4. Treatment outcomes
Slide 12
Clinical examination is a method of health care for the population, including a set of health-improving measures. This is a method of dynamic monitoring of the health status of a practically healthy population and patients with chronic diseases.
Slide 13
Medical examination of children in the first 3 years of life. 1. Healthy children. 2. Healthy children, but with risk factors for caries. 3. Children with malformations of dental tissues: hypoplasia, dental caries, malocclusions formed by the age of 3.
Slide 14
Preschoolers and schoolchildren 1. healthy children who do not have dental caries and risk factors for its development 2. healthy children with risk factors for the development of caries 3. children with damage to the hard tissues of the teeth, who have caries, risk factors for its development, KPU = 1-4 4 . presence of caries, presence of risk factors for caries, KPU=5-7 5. presence of caries, its complications, KPU>8 Damage to immune zones by caries, presence of foci of demineralization, caries increase per year of 3 or more
Alyabyeva Daria - 11th grade
Project theme: " »
TsO No. 1430, 11 “a” class
Annotation
Prevention of dental diseases is the prevention of the occurrence and development of oral diseases. The introduction of prevention programs leads to a sharp decrease in the intensity of dental caries and periodontal diseases, a significant decrease in cases of tooth loss at a young age and an increase in the number of children with intact teeth.
Teach hygienic teeth brushing skills to primary school children.
Study and analysis of sociological, technical, medical and scientific literature on the prevention of oral diseases, using a mathematical, sociological method.
Conclusions
Considering that the intensity of major dental diseases in children of primary school age is quite high, knowledge and implementation of preventive measures is of great importance.
An important step is motivating children. Classes for children should be conducted regularly to teach oral hygiene skills.
Thus, to improve the dental health of children, the efforts of not only specialists, but also society as a whole are necessary. A public opinion must be formed that taking care of oral health is as necessary as taking care of the beauty of your appearance.
Youth Talents Forum:
Young Researchers Competition
program “Step into the Future” in Central
Federal District of the Russian Federation,
Moscow open conference
schoolchildren “NTTM Moscow 2011”
PROJECT
“Prevention of dental diseases in primary school students”
Scientific consultants: Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor Prokhonchukov Alexander Alekseevich
Scientific supervisor: Natalya Mikhailovna Alyabyeva – teacher at IIT
Moscow, 2011
Project theme: " Prevention of dental diseases in primary school students»
TsO No. 1430, 11 “a” class
Annotation
Justification for choosing a direction
Prevention of dental diseases is the prevention of the occurrence and development of oral diseases. The introduction of prevention programs leads to a sharp decrease in the intensity of dental caries and periodontal diseases, a significant decrease in cases of tooth loss at a young age and an increase in the number of children with intact teeth.
Purpose of research
Research methods
Study and analysis of sociological, technical, medical and scientific literature on the prevention of oral diseases, using a mathematical, sociological method.
Results of the study
Conclusions
Main part
Justification for choosing a direction
Prevention of dental diseases is the prevention of the occurrence and development of oral diseases. The introduction of prevention programs leads to a sharp decrease in the intensity of dental caries and periodontal diseases, a significant decrease in the incidence of tooth loss at a young age and an increase in the number of children with intact teeth.
One of the ways to prevent dental diseases is proper brushing of teeth.
Purpose of research
Teach hygienic teeth brushing skills to primary school children.
Research objectives
Relevance of the problem
According to WHO, 92% of the world's population does not know how to brush their teeth.
The high prevalence and intensity of dental caries and periodontal diseases makes the problem and prevention of these diseases particularly urgent. The prevalence of dental caries in children in different regions of Russia ranges from 60 to 95%. The prevalence of inflammatory periodontal diseases in school-age children reaches 80%. Prevention of dental diseases is the prevention of the occurrence and development of oral diseases.
The lack of preventive measures in preschool and school institutions, the lack of school dental offices leads to the occurrence of oral diseases.
Scientific article
Introduction. The high prevalence and intensity of dental caries and periodontal diseases makes the problem and prevention of these diseases particularly urgent. The prevalence of dental caries in children in different regions of Russia ranges from 60 to 95%. The prevalence of inflammatory periodontal diseases in school-age children reaches 80%. Prevention of dental diseases is the prevention of the occurrence and development of oral diseases. The introduction of prevention programs leads to a sharp decrease in the intensity of dental caries and periodontal diseases, a significant decrease in cases of tooth loss at a young age and an increase in the number of children and adolescents with intact teeth. The cost of preventive methods is, on average, 20 times lower than the cost of treating existing dental diseases.
Dental morbidity in our country is quite high, and its further increase should be expected unless the conditions influencing the development of the disease are changed in a favorable direction.
Materials and methods.As part of the project, training and testing were carried out for second grade students at Education Center No. 1430. Students of 54 people (7-8 years old) were divided into 2 groups (27 people each): observations and comparisons. A sanitary lesson was held for the students of the observed group on the topic:"Healthy teeth." Then a hygiene index survey was carried out according toFedorov-Volodkina. The examination was carried out visually after using the drug "Dynal". Two weeks later, and then a month later, a repeat examination was carried out.For the work, an analysis of sociological, technical, medical and scientific literature on the diagnosis and treatment of oral diseases using mathematical and sociological methods was used.
Methods for preventing major dental diseases:
1) dental education of the population;
2) training in the rules of rational nutrition;
3) training in the rules of hygienic oral care;
4) endogenous use of fluoride preparations;
5) use of local prophylactic means;
6) secondary prevention (sanitation of the oral cavity).
Dental education methods include conversations, lectures, seminars, health lessons, games, etc.
Methods that involve the interested participation of the population are called active. Their advantage is the direct relationship and interaction between the specialist and the audience, which provides the best impact.
Methods that do not require the active participation of the population are called passive.
They do not require the presence of a medical professional, act for a long time and on a large audience. The disadvantage is the lack of feedback between patients and specialists.
Dental education, depending on the number of people involved in educational work, is divided into 3 organizational forms: mass, group, individual.
The steps that any person must overcome to develop a useful habit: knowledge => understanding => belief => skill => habit.
Training in the rules of rational nutrition.For the formation of teeth resistant to caries, one of the main conditions is the qualitatively and quantitatively complete nutrition of a pregnant woman, including dairy products, minerals, vitamins, vegetables, and fruits.
The occurrence and progression of dental caries in the population is facilitated by the following dietary habits:
High content of easily fermentable carbohydrates in food, especially sugar;
Increasing the frequency of meals;
Reducing consumption of foods that require intensive chewing, which leads to an increase in saliva flow and “natural cleansing of the oral cavity”;
Reducing the consumption of foods that help inhibit dental caries.
Individual oral hygiene.Personal hygiene involves careful and regular removal of dental plaque from the surfaces of teeth and gums by the patient himself using various hygiene products.
There are many methods for brushing your teeth. One of them is the standard method of brushing teeth Pakhomov G.N. It is as follows: teeth brushing begins with an area in the area of the upper right chewing teeth, sequentially moving from segment to segment. The teeth on the lower jaw are cleaned in the same order.
When cleaning the vestibular and oral surfaces of molars and premolars, the toothbrush is placed at an angle of 45º to the tooth and cleansing movements are made from the gum to the tooth. The chewing surfaces of the teeth are cleaned with horizontal movements. When cleaning the oral surface, the brush handle is positioned perpendicular to the occlusal plane of the teeth. Finish cleaning with circular movements.
The main tool for cleaning teeth is a toothbrush.
There are 5 degrees of toothbrush hardness: very hard, hard, medium, soft, very soft. Medium hardness brushes are the most widely used.
Toothpicks are designed to remove food debris from interdental spaces and plaque from the side surfaces of teeth.
Fluxes are designed to thoroughly remove plaque and food debris from contact surfaces of teeth that are difficult to reach with a brush.
Toothpastes should be good at removing soft plaque and food debris; be pleasant to the taste, have good deodorizing and refreshing effects and have no side effects: locally irritating and allergenic.
The most widely used therapeutic and prophylactic agent is fluoride-containing toothpastes. The entry of fluoride into tooth enamel increases its resistance to acid demineralization due to the formation of structures more resistant to dissolution.
Toothpastes containing stone phosphates, sodium, calcium and sodium glycerophosphates, calcium gluconate, zinc oxide have a pronounced anti-caries effect.
Recently, therapeutic and prophylactic toothpastes have been widely used, which contain several medicinal plants (sage, peppermint, chamomile, echinacea, etc.).
Chewing gum is a means of improving oral hygiene by increasing the amount of saliva and the rate of salivation, which helps clean the tooth surface and neutralize organic acids produced by plaque bacteria.
Dental elixirs are intended for rinsing the mouth. They improve the cleaning of dental surfaces, prevent the formation of plaque, and deodorize the oral cavity.
Conclusion. In the absence of prevention programs at the population level, the relatively low incidence of dental caries and mild periodontal disease in children and adolescents becomes quite severe in adults, which, in turn, leads to an increased need for therapeutic, surgical and orthopedic treatment.
Practical part
An educational guide in the form of a multimedia disc on the topic “Healthy Teeth” was created in Power Point using the capabilities of this program: introducing sound, pictures, video. This manual can be used for prevention and teaching oral hygiene skills.
Quantitative assessment is made using a five-point system:
staining the entire surface of the tooth crown – 5 points;
staining 3/4 of the surface of the tooth crown – 4 points;
staining 1/2 of the surface of the tooth crown – 3 points;
staining 1/4 of the surface of the tooth crown – 2 points;
absence of staining of the surface of the tooth crown – 1 point.
By dividing the sum of points by the number of teeth examined, an indicator of oral hygiene is obtained (hygiene index - IG).
The calculation is made using the formula:
IG = Ki (sum of ratings for each tooth) / n
where: IG – general purification index; Ki – hygienic index of cleaning one tooth;
n – number of teeth examined [usually 6].
The quality of oral hygiene is assessed as follows:
good IG – 1.1 – 1.5 points;
satisfactory IG – 1.6 – 2.0 points;
unsatisfactory IG – 2.1 – 2.5 points;
poor IG – 2.6 – 3.4 points;
very bad IG – 3.5 – 5.0 points.
With regular and proper oral care, the hygiene index is within 1.1–1.6 points; an IG value of 2.6 or more points indicates a lack of regular dental care.
Fig.1. Determination of the hygiene index according to Fedorov-Volodkina.
The results of the examination conducted after the lesson “Healthy Teeth” showed that a good indicator of oral hygiene (IG) - 1.1 points was determined in 2 students. 5 students received a satisfactory IG rating of 1.6 – 2.0 points. Unsatisfactory IG – 2.1 – 2.5 points was determined in 13 people. Poor IG – 2.6 – 3.4 points was recorded in 4 people. Very bad IG – 3.5 – 5.0 points – for 3 guys. (Fig. 2)
Fig.2. Assessment of the quality of oral hygiene according to Fedorov-Volodkina in the observation group immediately after the sanitary lesson.
In the comparison group, students were also examined on the day of the sanitary lesson. A good indicator of oral hygiene (IG) - 1.1 points was determined in 1 person. 5 students received a satisfactory IG rating of 1.6 – 2.0 points. Unsatisfactory IG – 2.1 – 2.5 points was determined in 11 people. Poor IG – 2.6 – 3.4 points was recorded in 8 people. Very bad IG – 3.5 – 5.0 points – for 2 guys. (Fig. 3).
Fig.3 . Assessment of the quality of oral hygiene according to Fedorov-Volodkina in the comparison group on the day of the sanitary lesson in the observation group.
2 weeks after the “Healthy Teeth” sanitary lesson, students in the observation group were re-examined. A good indicator of oral hygiene (IG) - 1.1 points was determined in 5 students. 11 students received a satisfactory IG score of 1.6 – 2.0 points. Unsatisfactory IG – 2.1 – 2.5 points was determined in 11 people. Poor IG – 2.6 – 3.4 points and very poor IG were not detected in any of the children. (Fig. 4).
Fig.4. Assessment of the quality of oral hygiene according to Fedorov-Volodkina in the observation group after 2 weeks.
2 weeks after the “Healthy Teeth” sanitary lesson, students in the comparison group were re-examined. A good oral hygiene index (OH) - 1.1 points was determined in 2 people. 6 students received a satisfactory IG rating of 1.6 – 2.0 points. Unsatisfactory IG – 2.1 – 2.5 points was determined in 7 people. Poor IG – 2.6 – 3.4 points was recorded in 8 people. Very bad IG – 3.5 – 5.0 points – for 4 guys. (Fig. 5).
Fig.5. Assessment of the quality of oral hygiene according to Fedorov-Volodkina in the comparison group after 2 weeks.
Conclusions. As a result of the examination, it can be stated that children in the comparison group and in the observation group do not know how to brush their teeth correctly. On average, children have a poor assessment of oral hygiene.
After conducting the “Healthy Teeth” sanitary lesson, the students in the observation group learned (not all!) how to brush their teeth correctly. Although there are children with unsatisfactory IG, poor IG - 2.6 - 3.4 points and very poor IG were not identified in any of the children.
Conclusions and Conclusion
Considering that the intensity of major dental diseases in children of primary school age is quite high, knowledge and implementation of preventive measures is of great importance.
An important step is motivating children. Classes for children should be conducted regularly to teach oral hygiene skills.
Thus, to improve the dental health of children, the efforts of not only specialists, but also society as a whole are necessary. A public opinion must be formed that taking care of oral health is as necessary as taking care of the beauty of your appearance.
References
Appendix 1. Plan and course of the sanitary lesson “Healthy teeth”.
Lesson topic: Healthy teeth.
Lesson objectives:
Fostering students’ information culture, attentiveness, accuracy, and discipline.
Development of cognitive interests, oral hygiene skills, self-control.
Developing the ability to competently express one’s point of view
Lesson objectives:
Equipment: computer presentation, multimedia projector,
computers, test.
Lesson plan:
Organizational moment.
Learning new material.
Primary consolidation of the studied material
Bottom line.
Homework.
Lesson progress:
Organizational moment
Greeting, explanation of the lesson. Setting goals and objectives for students.
Explanation of new material. There is no lesson topic on the board.
View the presentation for the lesson.
[Slide 1]. Now we have to solve the riddle, and having solved it we will find out the key word, this will be the topic of the lesson.
Guys, do your teeth hurt?
[Slide 2].Viewing a fragment of the cartoon: “The Brave Bird of Tari.”
[Slide 3] Guys. What fairy tales do you know in which the main character has toothache?
Poem by B.P. Kornilov (excerpt).
After watching the cartoon, a short conversation is held about what children know about dental care, whether they know how to care for their teeth, about food that is good or bad for teeth.
[Slide 5]. The structure of the tooth.
[Slide 6]. Personal hygiene.
– this is a thorough daily removal of dental deposits from the surface of the teeth and gums using various hygiene products. You need to brush your teeth for at least 3 minutes 2 times a day - morning and evening.
[Slide 7]. Proper brushing of teeth.
Teeth should be brushed after every meal. According to the World Health Organization, 92% of the world's population does not know how to brush their teeth.
[Slide 8]. Toothpastes.
The most widely used therapeutic and prophylactic agent is fluoride-containing toothpastes. Fluorides increase the resistance of teeth to acids that form after eating. These pastes are recommended for children and adults to prevent dental caries.
Systematic brushing of teeth and removal of soft dental deposits contribute to the formation of tooth enamel. Regular gum massage activates metabolic processes and improves blood circulation in the gum tissue.
[Slide 9]. All children should remember that to maintain dental health and prevent dental diseases they need:
Summing up the lesson. So, our lesson comes to an end. Let's analyze what we managed to do today:
Homework. The results are summed up. The rules of dental care are repeated.
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