Chronic exogenous intoxication (ICD code T36-78) is a disorder that develops against the background of a negative state environment. As a result of exposure, it develops clinical picture. The disease requires prompt medical care and detailed diagnostics. Often the disease ends in the death of the patient.
Exogenous poisoning is a type of intoxication that occurs as a result of the activity of various toxins in the human body. The form of impact may increase long period. The rate of spread of the disease closely correlates with the type of poisonous agent. Hazardous substances affect the inhibition of people’s life processes, deterioration of well-being, and development of symptoms leading to death.
The degree of pathology is tied to the amount of toxic elements, the body’s personal resource. A unified classification of the disease makes it possible to determine the nature of the development of the disease and take action. effective measures treatment.
Main directions:
A person over 50 years of age processes the effects of toxins 2 times slower than a young person. It is easier for the body, which has less wear and tear, to cope with ethyl alcohol. By the age of 80, increased sensitivity to poisons provokes a fatal outcome. Complex preventive measures should become the norm.
At the moment of poison activity, the body’s response produces a violent effect. The generalized reaction of the system is systemic in nature. Toxins affect functioning nervous system, disrupt the functioning of the adrenal glands, removing a significant amount of fluid from the body.
Chemicals are actively used in production and at home. The use of the funds requires compliance with a number of safety rules. Toxicology is possible through inhalation and contact with skin of various elements.
Common chemicals include:
Chemicals can accumulate in plants. When consuming vegetables, fruits, and semi-finished products, a chronic form of intoxication occurs.
Affects human life large number toxic substances can cause chronic poisoning. Chemical elements accumulate in the air, medications, food, poisonous plants. Main causes of intoxication:
Poisoning is a pathological condition caused by the influence of poison on the human body. Harmful compounds have local and general effects on the operation of systems. Neutralize negative consequences, you need to perform a series of ordered actions.
First aid for exogenous poisoning:
A special place is occupied by the endogenous form of poisoning. The disorder occurs as a result negative influence toxins and various products. The disease can be triggered by elements in the metabolism. Urea can affect diseases of the joints, bones and blood. The etiology of diseases has different shapes manifestations.
The main directions of chronic unspecified exogenous intoxication:
Systemic monitoring of the patient’s condition is an important component of treatment. If it worsens, professional assistance from doctors in the hospital is required (reanimation period).
Childhood is one of the happiest periods in a person’s life: every day is full of new discoveries, pleasant surprises, joy and pleasure! However, in addition to endless happiness, numerous dangers await the child everywhere. According to statistics, acute exogenous poisonings are the third most common among accidents affecting children, after burns and injuries. Find out how to protect your child, and what can be done if the poison has already entered his body.
What is considered endogenous poisoning?
Intoxication is painful condition, provoked by the destructive effects of toxins of various origins.
Toxic substances can be synthesized by the body itself as a result of a malfunction gastrointestinal tract, kidneys (toxic waste is not eliminated sufficiently), thyroid gland(hormones accumulate excessively), and as a result of injuries, burns, infectious, oncological and other diseases (for example, rheumatoid arthritis, acute pancreatitis, sepsis and others). Such poisonings are called endogenous, which literally translated from Greek means “generated from within.”
If toxic substances enter the human body from external environment, then such toxicosis is called exogenous (“externally generated”) or general.
We will not consider endogenous intoxications, since they are rather complications of other work disorders human body than independent pathological conditions.
Exogenous and endogenous poisonings have become an object of scientific interest since ancient times. Descriptions of the preparation process and methods of using poisons are found already in ancient Greek and Roman mythology. The first to mention them as the cause of illness was the great physician of antiquity, Paracelsus, who distinguished between internal and external poisons.
What does intoxication look like?
In the Middle Ages, the most popular poison was arsenic, clinical manifestations toxic effect which was reminiscent of the then rampant typhoid fever, cholera and other deadly intestinal infections, which significantly complicated the diagnosis and treatment of acute exogenous poisoning with this poison. The stock of toxicological knowledge has not changed much in modern times.
Only at the beginning of the 19th century, in connection with the emergence and development of scientific chemistry, did it become possible to distinguish from poisonous plants and synthesize in laboratory conditions substances that are carriers of toxic effects, which are called alkaloids. At the same time, the principles of biological dosing were formulated, which made it possible to make a big step forward in the development of toxicology.
In 1803, morphine from the opium poppy was obtained, in 1818 - strychnine from the seeds of chilibuha (emetic nut), in 1828 - nicotine from tobacco leaves, in 1831 - atropine from belladonna. At the same time, the first artificial poisons were synthesized.
Today, more than five million types of various toxins are known, each of which is found in the environment in quantities sufficient to kill thousands, millions of people! Already in the 1970s. in Western Europe per 1 thousand people. population is 2 people. hospitalized with acute toxicosis, and this figure is growing every year. That is why exogenous poisoning is one of the most pressing medical problems of our time.
IN childhood There are many causes of poisoning. A child can eat something in nature with dirty hands or at home reach for the cabinet with pills. It is important to take into account all possible factors when protecting your child.
Summer has come - it's time for fresh fruits, vegetables, mushrooms and berries. It would seem that what could be more beneficial for health than this natural storehouse of vitamins and minerals, but we should not forget - “grazing” (unwashed fruits and vegetables from the garden at your dacha or from trees within the city, mushrooms and berries collected in the forest near the highway) is one of the most common factors causing exogenous poisoning in small children children.
Why do children get poisoned in nature?
This happens because toxic pollutants accumulate in plants, with which humans inevitably poison nature:
Poisoning may be caused by bodies of water
When going out into nature with your child, you need to be extremely attentive and careful! You can get poisoned not only plant foods, but also toxins found in natural bodies of water. The fact is that they pour there in huge quantities detergents, which are used for cleaning municipal and industrial water supply networks.
These are surfactant organic substances synthesized by sulfonation of oils of petroleum origin, hydrocarbons, high molecular weight alcohols and other toxic compounds.
Toxic compounds contained in poisonous mushrooms and berries, are not completely eliminated even with thorough washing and are not completely destroyed even with prolonged heat treatment.
It would seem that if it is so dangerous in nature, it is better to stay at home, where the purity and quality of what our children eat is completely controlled by us, but even here there are plenty of sources of toxic substances, few of which can be easily eliminated from household use.
One of the causes of endogenous poisoning is medications
Acute food poisoning can be prevented by carefully choosing foods in the supermarket and promptly throwing away spoiled food from the refrigerator, but it should be remembered that children are extremely inquisitive creatures, and they completely lack what we adults call the instinct of self-preservation.
Seeing a bright bottle with a pleasant smell, the child, without thinking twice, will try to taste the attractive liquid. And it’s good if it turns out to be something edible, like yogurt or sunflower oil. If the object of cognitive activity becomes rat poison, household chemicals, hygienic or decorative cosmetics, medicines from home first aid kit, mistaken for candy, or even banal vinegar, the consequences can be unpredictable!
Even harmless citric acid can cause a serious illness if a child accidentally drinks water from a kettle that you inopportunely decided to clear of plaque. The chemical reaction that occurs in this " dead water"can cause severe burns of the mucous membrane of the esophagus and stomach, which can easily be fatal.
Overdose of medications due to their inappropriate or excessive use is also a fairly common cause of intoxication. That is why, in no case should you “prescribe” any medications to your child without consulting a doctor, and before using a drug prescribed by a doctor, be sure to read the instructions, paying attention special attention dosages and contraindications.
A child’s rash actions can cost the life of not only himself, but also those around him. We are talking about household gas poisoning. Be careful that your children do not play with the gas stove - history knows of cases when entire multi-storey buildings were blown up because of such pranks! Even those who did not have time to directly inhale the poison were buried in the ruins, and it is unknown which category of victims had a worse fate.
Endogenous household gas poisoning
Unlike young children, adolescents are at risk of not only accidental but also intentional intoxication. We are talking, as you might have already guessed, primarily about alcohol and drug overdoses, as well as suicide attempts. Such misfortunes can be prevented if you maintain a warm, trusting relationship with the “little adult”, take an interest in his life, problems, and social circle, but preventive measures in no way guarantee safety.
If exogenous toxic substances have already entered the body, the need for urgent medical care is obvious. But how can one recognize poisoning and distinguish it from, say, an infectious or some other disease? Let's figure this out...
Clinical manifestations of acute exogenous poisoning in children and adolescents are very diverse and depend both on the nature (composition, origin, mechanism of action, etc.) and on the concentration of the toxic substance, as well as the method of its penetration into the body: through the respiratory or digestive systems, skin or mucous membranes.
The symptoms and dynamics of the disease are also influenced by the victim’s gender, age, level of immunity, his lifestyle, environmental conditions, and more. huge amount factors. Sometimes intoxication is caused not by the poison itself, but by the products of its transformation in the victim’s body. This, in particular, is the mechanism of the poisonous effect of ethyl alcohol (alcohol).
However, despite the diversity of toxins, and therefore symptoms, there are signs that allow a more or less reasonable preliminary diagnosis of “exogenous intoxication”. The subacute (mild) form of poisoning is characterized by low-grade body temperature, headache, muscle, joint and other pain, and malfunctions digestive system, weakness and drowsiness. In acute cases, there is fever (body temperature above 38 degrees), severe joint and muscle pain, diarrhea, and vomiting. Severe poisoning may even lead to loss of consciousness or coma.
Besides common symptoms, specific ones may also be present, appearing individually, sequentially or in combinations:
Headache may be a sign of poisoning
Chronic intoxication, which is a complication of acute poisoning (as a result of insufficient or improper treatment, or due to disturbances in the functioning of the body’s excretory systems), manifests itself:
TO serious signs include skin manifestations
There are several main periods of poisoning. If you learn to diagnose each of them in time, it will be much easier to help your child recover.
Latent (asymptomatic) period is the period of time from the moment a toxic substance enters the body until the first symptoms of intoxication appear. The duration and course of this period depend on what kind of poison you have to deal with and in what quantity.
The first stage of exogenous poisoning
For example, accidental intake of salicylates (aspirin overdose), saponins (detergents), camphor, hydrocarbons (petroleum products) instantly causes vomiting, accompanied by bronchospasm; and scalding acids, alkalis, ammonia, perhydrol (30% hydrogen peroxide solution), iodine damage the mucous membranes of the esophagus and stomach, which provokes a sharp pain syndrome, the intensity of which can even lead to a shock reaction.
At the same time, some poisons do not act immediately, but after some time (for example, strychnine begins to act 30 minutes after inhalation, ricin - after 8 hours).
The most insidious are substances that accumulate in organs and tissues over the years. human body, before making itself felt (such, for example, is the effect of the resins contained in tobacco).
At the first stage of poisoning, the victim needs emergency medical care. Removing poison that has not had time to be absorbed into the blood can prevent or significantly alleviate the development of the disease. However, you should not get carried away with self-medication - it is better to consult a doctor or call an ambulance.
Second stage of exogenous poisoning
Toxigenic (resorptive) period - the period of time from the moment the first symptoms of intoxication appear until the final elimination of the poison from the body or the appearance of somatogenic complications, often accompanied by disruption of vital functions (breathing, heart rate, blood circulation, activity of the central nervous system, work of the liver, kidneys, etc.).
Medical (prehospital) care at this stage consists of stimulating the gag reflex, gastric lavage, taking or administering enterosorbents (usually taken at home activated carbon), emetics and laxatives, antidotes, drinking plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration.
Visiting a medical facility during the toxicogenic period of the disease is mandatory! Exogenous poisonings are life-threatening, so professional supervision by intensive care and toxicology services is necessary.
Serious consequences of poisoning
The period of late complications (somatogenic) is a long period of illness, during which the victim has to deal with morphofunctional disorders of various organs and systems (renal and cardiovascular failure, pneumonia, toxic hepatitis, damage to the central nervous system, etc.).
Its severity and duration depend on the mechanism of the toxic action and the dose of the toxin initially taken, as well as on the timeliness and adequacy of the treatment. Most often, medical care at this stage is provided in a hospital setting.
The recovery period is the time of gradual return of the victim to his previous, normal life. Dynamic dispensary observation for a patient who has undergone acute poisoning, continues until the clinical manifestations disappear completely.
So, we looked at the history, causes, symptoms, dynamics and treatment of acute exogenous poisoning in children and adolescents. This information should under no circumstances be used for self-medication, but it may be useful to parents as an answer to the question of how to protect their child, and what can be done if the poison has already entered his body. As you know, “forewarned is forearmed.” Be healthy!
The primary source of endogenous diseases is most often household poisoning. To reinforce all of the above, watch the video
Exogenous intoxication is a disorder caused by negative environmental factors and accompanied by a specific clinical picture. Requires emergency care, timely diagnosis and hospitalization. Compared to the endogenous type in medical practice occurs much more often. Sometimes it ends in the death of the patient. The ICD code varies from T36–78.
The division occurs according to three main criteria: etiopathogenetic, clinical and nosological. As for the first, the following categories are distinguished:
Depending on the course of the clinical picture, intoxication occurs in three variations:
Depending on the severity of the condition:
Nosology implies a direct factor of poisoning and is based on the names of toxic compounds: alcohol, glycoside, and so on.
In etiology of this disease a huge number of environmental components can enter. The rate of development will directly depend on the age of the victim, his well-being, and also on the concentration of the substance.
According to statistics, poisoning is more common in the spring and summer, when the temperature rises, forests, fields, and vegetable gardens awaken, plants and mushrooms appear. Despite all the delights of this period of time, children and adults traveling out of town are at risk of exogenous intoxication. The cause of the disease is:
An additional source is considered to be reservoirs into which surfactants, petroleum products and sewage are often discharged. Hepatitis A and E viruses, causative agents of cholera and dysentery multiply in them.
Your own apartment is always considered the safest place to spend time. But here, too, things can get out of control; a child or adult will end up in the hospital with poisoning. Etiological factors are:
The result of taking the listed substances is not only intoxication, but also cauterization of the mucous membranes, the formation of ulcers, disability, and instant death.
A similar pathology is possible due to poor-quality pipes, incorrect connection of equipment, or the inattention of parents who did not pay attention to their own children who wanted to turn switches and press buttons. Cases have been recorded in which not only acute exogenous poisonings occurred, but multi-storey buildings were blown up into the air, which, of course, ended in death.
The mechanism of development of the disease is simple to understand. Methane used for domestic purposes through respiratory tract enters the bloodstream and spreads throughout the body. By influencing the centers of the brain, vital reflexes and processes are suppressed, which leads to the corresponding clinic.
Symptoms are variable, manifestations depend on causative factor, human health status and toxic substance concentration. However, by analyzing all cases of intoxication, experts have compiled a generalized clinical picture, from which a diagnosis can already be made. The details are described below in the table.
| Organ system | Signs |
| Nervous | Confusion |
| Dizziness | |
| Migraine | |
| Mental disorders | |
| Emotional lability | |
| Drowsiness or increased agitation | |
| Convulsions | |
| Paresis or paralysis of skeletal muscles | |
| Suppression of the senses | |
| Respiratory | Shortness of breath to the point of suffocation |
| Tachypnea | |
| Decreased pulmonary ventilation | |
| Tissue swelling | |
| Cardiovascular | Changes in indicators blood pressure |
| Arrhythmia | |
| Decrease or increase in heart rate | |
| Digestive | Nausea |
| Vomit | |
| Flatulence | |
| Stomach ache | |
| Diarrhea or constipation | |
| Heartburn | |
| Bleeding into the organ cavity | |
| Jaundice | |
| Urinary | Oliguria |
| Kidney failure | |
| Change in urine color |
As for the skin, it acquires a red or blue-violet hue, it all depends on the condition of the vessels that nourish the tissue.
Several periods of poisoning have been described, their duration depending on the type of ingested chemical compound. Highlight:
Each stage requires a special medical approach that can remove the patient from poisoning.
Chronic exogenous intoxication is characterized by a change of two periods: exacerbation and remission. With the latter, symptoms are mild or completely absent.
All major therapeutic measures is prescribed by a highly specialized doctor who is able to correctly assess the situation and select necessary medications. However, there is a whole list of procedures aimed at improving the course of the pathology and reducing the risk of complications. Each type of disease has its own algorithm of actions.
If a toxic substance enters the body through the upper and lower respiratory tract, the first step is to remove the victim to the air or move him to another room where there is no volatile compound. If you have a respirator or gas mask on hand, use these personal protective equipment. Additionally, it is recommended to wash your face, rinse your mouth, and drink sweet tea.
All manipulations must be carried out clearly, quickly, without panic. The procedure is as follows:
Cleansing digestive tract It is not carried out in a child under three years of age; aspiration is possible - reflux of vomit into the upper respiratory tract, which results in asphyxia.
To reduce the concentration of the substance and reduce the risk of burns, the affected surface should be rinsed with running water and kept under running water for at least ten minutes. To neutralize acids and alkalis, the same means described in the previous subheading are used.
In this case, the victim should be placed on a sofa or bed in a well-ventilated area, loosen or remove tight clothing to best entry oxygen into the body. If there is vomiting, turn the person's head to the side. It is necessary to constantly monitor the respiratory rate and pulse; if they stop, resuscitation measures are required: indirect massage heart and mouth-to-mouth artificial ventilation.
Therapy for each type of exogenous intoxication is different, but after studying toxicology, doctors have identified several principles and areas, which include:
Additionally, I would like to say about food poisoning, in which patients like to immediately use antibacterial agents. Similar treatment often not caused by anything, since the pathology is formed not due to the active reproduction of the infection, but due to the negative influence of already synthesized toxic substances. Antibiotics have no effect on them.
Therapy largely depends on the period of intoxication and the course of the disease. Each item should be considered individually.
The stage of food poisoning is very difficult to detect. If the development of pathology is suspected, the use of a specific antidote is required. Before the doctor arrives, the administration of symptomatic medications is prohibited, as the clinical picture is blurred and diagnosis is difficult.
Treatment involves stimulating the gag reflex, cleansing the stomach, taking sorbents, and oral administration of saline solutions. In a hospital setting there are more opportunities; in the hospital the following can be additionally prescribed:
In case of poisoning with heavy metals and other chemical elements, specialized medications, for example, succinic acid, are administered with alcohol.
Multiple organ failure is relieved in most cases by connecting the patient to several devices that stabilize vital functions. Artificial ventilation, hemodialysis, plasmapheresis, and ventricular defibrillation are performed. Constant monitoring of diuresis, pulse, respiratory rate and consciousness of the victim is carried out.
The patient is recovering, which reduces the number of administered medicines to a minimum. Doctors recommend that some patients undergo a course of physical therapy in order to improve tissue metabolism and suppress residual signs of poisoning. Disability requires constant care.
The development of complications depends on many factors, mostly on the adequacy of treatment, the provision of emergency first aid and the state of health of the victim. With exogenous intoxication, the following may develop:
At severe course pathology does not exclude sudden cardiac arrest, death.
There are no specific recommendations; you just need to follow safety precautions at work, use personal protective equipment, supervise your own children and promptly dispose of spoiled products.
Compliance healthy image life and knowledge preventive measures sharply reduces the number of cases of exogenous intoxication. Absolutely all doctors say that it is easier to prevent a disease than to deal with its consequences. If poisoning occurs, there is no need to self-medicate and resort to alternative medicine methods. Not a single decoction or infusion has yet completely healed the pathology.
Exogenous intoxication occurs as a result of the penetration of harmful and toxic microorganisms and substances into the body. Poisoning can be chronic and acute, some elements cause serious changes, and death cannot be ruled out. What is exogenous poisoning, what is it and how does it manifest itself?
Exogenous intoxication is a disorder of organs and systems that appears as a result of exposure to negative factors environment. It occurs more often than endogenous forms of poisoning. It poses a certain danger to the human body and requires attention and proper treatment.
Present in international classification diseases ICD 10 and has an ICD code T36-78.
The body's reaction to poisoning in children and adults depends on many factors - what poison entered the body, how, and what the condition of the victim is. Toxic substances have different effects on organs and systems, and intoxication manifests itself in different symptoms.
Exogenous intoxications are classified into biological, household, professional, medicinal, accidental or intentional and others.
Any substance can become potentially dangerous if used or stored incorrectly. Certain factors increase the risk of overdose.
Factors:
It poses a danger that is possible in everyday life and in industry. Toxic compounds can enter the body in several ways.
Paths:
Exogenous intoxication provokes the development of unpleasant symptoms and disruption of normal well-being in a person.
What is characteristic of the exogenous form of intoxication? Depending on the item that caused the poisoning, the signs vary. However, there are a number of symptoms common to all overdoses of the exogenous type.
Signs:
Symptoms of intoxication appear together or separately, gradually or quite quickly, depending on the poison and the state of the patient’s immunity. The first signs are observed several hours after the toxin enters the body. Chronic exogenous intoxication develops gradually, the symptoms intensify over time.
Treatment of acute exogenous intoxication is carried out qualified specialist. If symptoms of poisoning are detected, a team of medical specialists is called.
Before the doctors arrive, the poisoned person is given first aid. Actions aimed at alleviating the patient’s condition and removing the toxin from the body vary depending on the method of penetration of the toxin inside.
Urgent Care:
Further treatment of exogenous forms of poisoning is carried out in a medical institution under the supervision of a specialist.
Mild intoxication can be treated at home after diagnosis and obtaining a doctor’s permission. Severe forms of exogenous poisoning are treated in a hospital.
Therapy:
The duration of treatment depends on the degree of intoxication and the victim’s immunity. Timely treatment can reduce the risk of adverse consequences and death.
The consequences of such intoxications are serious and contribute to the development of various complications. A person has kidney and liver diseases, pneumonia, damage to the mucous membranes and tissues. It is possible that mental disorders, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. In severe cases of poisoning, death is possible.
There is no specific prevention of exogenous forms of poisoning. It is recommended to adhere to safety precautions when coming into contact with toxic products, not to consume low-quality food, supervise children and not leave hazardous substances in places accessible to them.
Exogenous intoxication gives a person a lot of unpleasant moments. When started on time and suitable treatment The prognosis for poisoning is favorable.
Poisoning (intoxication, acute overdose) is a pathological condition caused by the action of toxic substances of exogenous origin through any route of entry into the body.
The severity of the patient's condition in case of poisoning depends on the dose of the poison, the route of its entry, exposure time, premorbid condition (bleeding, hypoxia, acute cardiovascular failure, etc.).
Leading symptoms:
1st period:
Excitement, anxiety;
Increased breathing;
Tachycardia turning into bradycardia;
Arterial hypertension, tremors;
Dizziness, tinnitus;
Salivation, dry mouth;
Nausea, vomiting;
Cramps.
2nd period:
Areflexia;
Profuse sweat;
Arterial hypotension;
Tachycardia;
Involuntary urination, defecation;
Loss of consciousness;
Clinical death.
Note. For specific symptoms caused by a particular poison, see the standard poisoning tables in the Appendix.
Clinical picture. There are poisonings: professional, household, medicinal, biological, accidental, intentional and others.
According to the severity of the course - mild, moderate, severe, fatal.
The nature of the poison’s actions is local, reflex, resorptive.
Local action manifests itself in the form chemical burn, irritation of the skin and mucous membranes.
Reflex action - cessation of breathing (apnea), disturbances in the activity of the heart.
Resorptive effect - after the poison enters the blood, symptoms of intoxication and dysfunction of organs and systems appear.
Survey, tactics and medicines in case of poisoning with drugs and biological substances.
Collection of medical history and complaints for general therapeutic purposes.
General thermometry.
Visual inspection.
General therapeutic palpation.
Pulse study.
General therapeutic auscultation.
Heart rate measurement.
Blood pressure measurement in peripheral arteries.
Respiration rate measurement.
Study of the sensory and motor spheres in pathologies of the central nervous system.
Visual examination of the eyes.
Registration of an electrocardiogram.
Decoding, description and interpretation of electrocardiographic data.
Study of blood glucose levels.
Detection ketone bodies in urine using a test strip.
Availability Determination psychoactive substances in urine using a test strip.
Determination of the presence of psychoactive substances in saliva using a test strip.
Purpose drug therapy for unspecified diseases.
Intramuscular administration of drugs and solutions.
Intravenous administration of drugs.
Inhalation administration of drugs and oxygen.
Air duct installation.
Suctioning mucus from the nose.
Artificial ventilation.
Heart massage.
Gastric lavage.
Tracheal intubation.
Transporting a patient by emergency medical services.
Table 37
Medicines
| Name of the drug | odd | ecd |
| Drugs affecting the central nervous system | ||
| Means for the treatment of alcoholism and drug addiction | ||
| Flumazenil | 0.2 mg | 1 mg |
| Naloxone | 0.4 mg | 2 mg |
| Lnxiolytics (tranquilizers) Diazepam | 10 mg | 80 mg |
| Hormones and agents affecting the endocrine system | ||
| Methylprednisolone | 4 mg | 8 mg |
| Dexamethasone | 4 mg | 8 mg |
| Prednisolone | 30 mg | 90 mg |
| Drugs for the treatment of kidney and urinary tract diseases | ||
| Diuretics Furosemide | 40 mg | 120 mg |
| Drugs affecting blood | ||
| Solutions and plasma substitutes Dextrose | 400 ml | 400 ml |
| Solutions, electrolytes, acid correction agents | ||
| balance, nutrition | ||
| Electrolytes, acid balance correction agents | ||
| Sodium chloride solution 0.9% | 400 ml | 400 ml |
| Sodium bicarbonate 4% | 50 ml | 200 ml |
| Magnesium sulfate 20% | 20 ml | 50 ml |
| Potassium chloride 5% | 10 ml | 20 ml |
| Calcium chloride 10% | 10 ml | 20 ml |
| Drugs for the treatment of the gastrointestinal tract | ||
| Other drugs for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases | ||
| tract | ||
| Activated carbon | 1000 mg | 1000 mg |
| Antispasmodics Atropine | ____ 0.5 mg | 1 mg |
| Vitamins and minerals | ||
| Vitamins | ||
| Pyridoxine | 100 mg | 100 mg |
| Ascorbic acid | 500 mg | 500 mg |
| Thiamine | 100 mg | 100 mg |
Urgent Care
General help algorithm
1. Ensure normalization of breathing and hemodynamics (CPR).
2. Stop further entry of poison into the body. In case of inhalation poisoning, remove the patient from the contaminated atmosphere.
For oral poisoning:
Rinse the stomach;
Enter enterosorbents through the tube;
Give a cleansing enema.
Note. When washing the stomach or washing off poisons from the skin, use water at 18 ° C; do not carry out a reaction to neutralize the poison in the stomach!
The presence of blood during gastric lavage is not a contraindication for lavage.
For cutaneous application, wash the affected area with water.
Carry out antidote therapy (see Table 38).
| Table 38 Specific (antidote) therapy for acute poisoning
|
| Poisonous substance | Antidote |
| Silver nitrate (silver nitrate) | 10% sodium chloride |
| Carbon monoxide, carbon disulfide | oxygen inhalation |
| Pahikarpin | 5% vitamin B1, 1% proserine |
| Pilocarpine | 5% vitamin B1 |
| Promedol, morphine, codeine (opium) | 0.1% atropine sulfate, 0.5% nalorphine |
| Cardiac glycosides | 5% unithiol (digitalis poisoning), 0.5% potassium chloride, 0.1% atropine sulfate |
| Hydrocyanic acid | 1% sodium nitrate, 30% sodium thiosulfate |
| Sublimate, copper, arsenic, phenols | 5% unithiol |
| Snake bites | specific anti-snake serum |
| FOS | 0.1% atropine sulfate, 15% diproxim - 1 ml, 40% isonitrosine - 3 ml |
| Formalin | 3% ammonium chloride (ammonium carbonate) |
Symptomatic therapy:
For hypotension - 10% solution of caffeine benzoate 13 ml subcutaneously, cordiamine 2 ml intramuscularly;
When excited - diazepam 0.5% solution 2 ml intramuscularly;
For arrhythmias - antiarrhythmic drugs.
Paramedic tactics
All victims are hospitalized in the intensive care or toxicology department of the hospital.
