Endocrine system- the most important regulatory-integrating, governing system of the internal organs of each of us.
These include:
There is a relationship between all these glands:
Endocrine glands produce hormones. These are proteins containing various amino acids. If your diet contains enough of these nutrients, will be produced required quantity hormones. If they are deficient, the body produces insufficient substances that regulate the functioning of the body.
Pituitary gland and hypothalamus:
The adrenal glands are a paired gland that helps a person cope with stress.
Thyroid gland:
This paired gland produces hormones.
Adrenalin:
Norepinephrine:
Cortisol:
If a person is under chronic stress:
To restore adrenal function:
Produces beta cells that synthesize the hormones glucagon and insulin:
Conditions necessary for the normal functioning of the endocrine glands:
Glands- special human organs that produce and secrete specific substances (secrets) and participate in various physiological functions.
Exocrine glands(salivary, sweat, liver, milk, etc.) are equipped with excretory ducts through which secretions are released into the body cavity, various organs or into the external environment.
Endocrine glands(pituitary gland, pineal gland, parathyroid, thyroid, adrenal glands) are devoid of ducts and secrete their secretions (hormones) directly into the blood that washes them, which carries them throughout the body.
Hormones- biologically active substances produced by the endocrine glands and having a targeted effect on other organs. They participate in the regulation of all vital important processes- growth, development, reproduction and metabolism.
According to their chemical nature they are distinguished protein hormones(insulin, prolactin), amino acid derivatives(adrenaline, thyroxine) and steroid hormones (sex hormones, corticosteroids). Hormones have specific action: each hormone affects certain type metabolic processes, on the activity of certain organs or tissues.
The endocrine glands are in close functional interdependence, forming a holistic endocrine system , which carries out hormonal regulation of all basic life processes. The endocrine system functions under the control of the nervous system, and the hypothalamus serves as the connecting link between them.
Glands of mixed secretion(pancreas, genital) simultaneously perform the functions of external and internal secretion.
Disturbances in the functioning of the endocrine glands manifest themselves either in increased secretion (hyperfunction), or in decreased secretion (hypofunction), or in the absence of secretion (dysfunction). This can lead to a variety of specific endocrine diseases. The causes of disruption of the glands are their diseases or dysregulation of the nervous system, especially the hypothalamus.
Endocrine system- the humoral system for regulating body functions through hormones.
Pituitary- central endocrine gland. Its removal results in death. The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis) is connected to the hypothalamus and produces tropic hormones that stimulate the activity of other endocrine glands: thyroid - thyroid-stimulating, genital - gonadotropic, adrenal glands - adrenocorticotropic. Growth hormone affects the growth of a young organism: with excess production of this hormone, a person grows too quickly and can reach a height of 2 m or more (gigantism); its insufficient amount causes growth retardation (dwarfism). Its excess in an adult leads to the growth of flat bones of the facial part of the skull, arms and legs (acromegaly). In the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (neurohypophysis) two hormones are formed: antidiuretic (or vasopressin), regulating water-salt metabolism(increases the reabsorption of water in the nephron tubules, reduces the excretion of water in the urine), and oxytocin, which causes contraction of the pregnant uterus during childbirth and stimulates milk secretion during lactation.
Pineal gland(pineal gland) - no large gland, which is part diencephalon. In the dark, the hormone melatonin is produced, which affects the function of the sex glands and puberty.
Thyroid gland- a large gland located in front of the larynx. The gland is capable of extracting iodine from the blood that washes it, which is part of its hormones - thyroxine, triiodothyronine, etc. Thyroid hormones affect metabolism, the processes of tissue growth and differentiation, the functioning of the nervous system, and regeneration. Thyroxine deficiency causes serious illness- myxedema, which is characterized by swelling, hair loss, and lethargy. In case of hormone deficiency childhood cretinism develops (delayed physical, mental and sexual development). With an excess of thyroid hormones, Graves' disease develops (the excitability of the nervous system sharply increases, metabolic processes intensify, despite large number food consumed, a person loses weight). In the absence of iodine in water and food, it develops endemic goiter- hypertrophy (proliferation) of the thyroid gland. To prevent this, kitchen salt is iodized.
Parathyroid glands- four small glands located on the thyroid gland or immersed in it. The parathyroid hormone they produce regulates calcium metabolism in the body and maintains its level in the blood plasma (increases its absorption in the kidneys and intestines, releases it from the bones). At the same time, it affects the metabolism of phosphorus in the body (increases its excretion in the urine). Insufficiency of this hormone leads to increased neuromuscular excitability and the appearance of seizures. Its excess leads to destruction bone tissue, the tendency to stone formation in the kidneys also increases, and electrical activity heart, ulcers occur in the gastrointestinal tract.
Adrenal glands- paired glands located at the apex of each kidney. They consist of two layers - the outer (cortical) and the inner (cerebral), which are independent (differing in origin, structure and function) endocrine glands. Hormones involved in the regulation of water-salt, carbohydrate and protein metabolism (corticosteroids) are formed in the cortical layer. In the medulla there is adrenaline and norepinephrine, which ensure the mobilization of the body in stressful situations. Epinephrine increases systolic blood pressure, accelerates the heart rate, increases blood flow to the heart, liver, skeletal muscle and brain, promotes the conversion of liver glycogen into glucose and increases blood sugar levels.
The endocrine glands include thymus, in which the hormones thymosin and thymopoietin are synthesized.
Pancreas secretes pancreatic juice containing enzymes, which is involved in digestion, and two hormones that regulate carbohydrate and fat metabolism - insulin and glucagon. Insulin lowers blood glucose by delaying the breakdown of glycogen in the liver and increasing its use by muscle and other cells. Glucagon causes the breakdown of glycogen in tissues. Insufficiency of insulin secretion leads to increased blood glucose levels, impaired lipid and protein metabolism, and the development of diabetes mellitus. To treat diabetes, insulin obtained from the pancreas of livestock is used.
Sex glands(testes and ovaries) form germ cells and sex hormones (female - estrogens and male - androgens). Both types of hormones are present in the blood of any person, so sexual characteristics are determined by their quantitative ratio. In embryos, sex hormones control the development of the genital organs, and during puberty they ensure the development of secondary sexual characteristics: a low voice, a strong skeleton, developed body muscles, facial hair growth in men; deposition of fat in certain parts of the body, development of the mammary glands, high voice - in women. Sex hormones make fertilization, embryo development, and normal pregnancy and childbirth possible. Female sex hormones support the menstrual cycle.
Occupies a special place in the endocrine system hypothalamic-pituitary system- neuroendocrine complex that regulates the homeostasis of the body. The hypothalamus acts on the pituitary gland with the help of neurosecrets, which are released from the processes of hypothalamic neurons and enter the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland through the blood vessels. These hormones stimulate or inhibit the production of pituitary tropic hormones, which, in turn, regulate the function of the peripheral endocrine glands (thyroid, adrenal glands and gonads).
Table “Endocrine system. Glands"
| Gland | Hormones | Function |
| Pituitary: a) anterior lobe | Growth hormone (somatotropin) | Regulates growth (proportional development of muscles and bones), stimulates the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats |
| Thyrotropin | Stimulates the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones | |
| Corticogropine (ACTH) | Stimulates the synthesis and secretion of adrenal hormones | |
| Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) | Controls follicle growth and egg maturation | |
| Prolactin | Breast growth and milk secretion | |
| Luteinizing hormone (LH) | Controls development corpus luteum and their synthesis of progesterone | |
| Pituitary: b) average share | Melanotropin | Stimulates the synthesis of melanin pigment in the skin |
| Pituitary: c) posterior lobe | Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) | Strengthens the reabsorption (reabsorption) of water in the kidney tubules |
| Oxytocin | Stimulates labor(increases contractions of the uterine muscles) | |
| Pineal gland | Melatonin Serotonin | Regulates body biorhythms and puberty |
| Thyroid | Thyroxine Triiodothyronine | Regulate the processes of growth, development, intensity of all types of metabolism |
| Parathyroid | Parathyrin (parathyroid hormone) | Regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism |
| Adrenal glands: a) cortex | Corticosteroids, mineralcorticoids | Support on high level performance, promote rapid recovery forces, regulate water-salt metabolism in the body |
| Adrenal glands: b) medulla | Adrenaline, norepinephrine | Accelerate blood flow, increase the frequency and strength of heart contractions, dilate the vessels of the heart and brain, and bronchi; increase the breakdown of glycogen in the liver and the release of glucose into the blood, increase muscle contraction, and reduce fatigue |
| Pancreas | Insulin, Glucagon | Lowers blood glucose levels. Increases blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogen breakdown |
| Sex glands | Female hormones are estrogens, male hormones are androgens. | The development of secondary sexual characteristics, the reproductive capabilities of the body, ensure fertilization, embryo development and childbirth; influence the sexual cycle, mental processes etc. |
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The endocrine system regulates the activity of the entire body through the production of special substances - hormones produced in the endocrine glands. Hormones entering the blood together with the nervous system provide regulation and control of the vital functions of the body, maintaining its internal balance (homeostasis), normal height and development.
The endocrine system consists of endocrine glands, a characteristic feature of which is the absence of excretory ducts, as a result of which the substances they produce are released directly into the blood and lymph. The process of releasing these substances into the internal environment of the body is called internal, or endocrine (from the Greek words “endos” - inside and “crino” - secrete), secretion.
Humans and animals have two types of glands. Glands of one type - lacrimal, salivary, sweat and others - secrete the secretion they produce to the outside and are called exocrine (from the Greek exo - outside, outside, krino - to secrete). The glands of the second type release the substances synthesized in them into the blood that washes them. These glands were called endocrine (from the Greek endon - inside), and the substances released into the blood were called hormones (from the Greek "hormao" - I move, excite), which are biologically active substances. Hormones can stimulate or weaken the functions of cells, tissues and organs.
The endocrine system works under the control of the central nervous system and, together with it, regulates and coordinates the functions of the body. Common to nerve and endocrine cells is the production of regulatory factors.
The endocrine system is divided into the glandular system (glandular apparatus), in which endocrine cells are collected together and form the endocrine gland, and diffuse, which is represented by endocrine cells scattered throughout the body. Almost every tissue of the body contains endocrine cells.
The central link of the endocrine system is the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and pineal gland (epiphysis). Peripheral - thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads, thymus(thymus).
The endocrine glands that make up the endocrine system vary in size and shape and are located in different parts bodies; What they all have in common is the release of hormones. This is what made it possible to separate them into a single system.
The endocrine system (endocrine glands) performs the following functions:
- coordinates the work of all organs and systems of the body;
- is responsible for the stability of all vital processes of the body in conditions of change external environment;
- participates in chemical reactions occurring in the body;
- participates in regulating the functioning reproductive system man and his sexual differentiation;
- participates in the formation of a person’s emotional reactions and in his mental behavior;
- together with the immune and nervous systems, regulates human growth and development of the body;
- is one of the energy generators in the body.
This system is represented by endocrine glands that synthesize, accumulate and release various biologically active substances (hormones, neurotransmitters and others) into the bloodstream. In the glandular system, endocrine cells are concentrated within one gland. Central nervous system takes part in the regulation of the secretion of all hormones endocrine glands, and hormones by mechanism feedback influence the function of the central nervous system, modulating its activity and state. Nervous regulation of the activity of peripheral endocrine functions of the body is carried out not only through tropic hormones of the pituitary gland (pituitary and hypothalamic hormones), but also through the influence of the autonomic (or autonomic) nervous system.
The link between the endocrine and nervous systems is the hypothalamus, which is both a nerve formation and an endocrine gland. It receives information from almost all parts of the brain and uses it to control the endocrine system by releasing special chemicals, called releasing hormones. The hypothalamus interacts closely with the pituitary gland, forming the hypothalamic-pituitary system. Releasing hormones enter the pituitary gland through the bloodstream, where under their influence the formation, accumulation and release of pituitary hormones occurs.
The hypothalamus is located directly above the pituitary gland, which is located in the center of the human head and is connected to it through a narrow stalk called the infundibulum, which constantly transmits messages about the state of the system to the pituitary gland. The control function of the hypothalamus is that neurohormones control the pituitary gland and influence the absorption of food and fluids, as well as control weight, body temperature and the sleep cycle.
The pituitary gland is one of the main endocrine glands in the human body. In its shape and size it resembles a pea and is located in a special recess of the sphenoid bone of the skull. Its size is no more than 1.5 cm in diameter, and its weight is from 0.4 to 4 grams. The pituitary gland produces hormones that stimulate and control almost all other glands of the endocrine system. It consists of several lobes: anterior (glandular), middle (intermediate), posterior (nervous).
Deep beneath the cerebral hemispheres is the pineal gland, a small reddish-gray gland shaped fir cone(hence its name). The pineal gland produces the hormone melatonin. The production of this hormone peaks around midnight. Babies are born with limited amounts of melatonin. With age, the level of this hormone increases, and then begins to slowly decline in old age. The pineal gland and melatonin are thought to make our biological clock. External signals such as temperature and light, as well as various emotions, influence pineal gland. Sleep, mood, immunity, seasonal rhythms, menstruation and even the aging process depend on it.
The gland gets its name from the thyroid cartilage and does not at all resemble a shield. This is the largest gland (not counting the pancreas) of the endocrine system. It consists of two lobes connected by an isthmus and resembles a butterfly with spread wings. The weight of the thyroid gland in an adult is 25 - 30 grams. The hormones produced by the thyroid gland (thyroxine, triiodothyronine and calcitonin) promote growth, mental and physical development, regulate the speed of metabolic processes. The thyroid gland needs iodine to produce these hormones. Lack of iodine leads to swelling of the thyroid gland and the formation of goiter.
Behind the thyroid gland there are rounded bodies, similar to small peas measuring 10 - 15 mm. These are the parathyroid, or parathyroid, glands. Their number varies from 2 to 12, most often there are 4. The parathyroid glands produce parathyroid hormone, which regulates the exchange of calcium and phosphorus in the body.
An important gland of the endocrine system is the pancreas. This is a large (12–30 cm long) secretory organ located in the upper part abdominal cavity, between the spleen and duodenum. The pancreas is at the same time an exocrine and endocrine gland. It follows from this that some substances secreted by it exit through the channels, while others enter directly into the blood. It contains small clusters of cells called pancreatic islets, which produce the hormone insulin, which is involved in regulating the body's metabolism. A lack of insulin leads to the development of diabetes, an excess leads to the development of the so-called hypoglycemic syndrome, manifested by a sharp decrease in blood sugar.
A special place in the endocrine system is occupied by the adrenal glands - paired glands located above the upper poles of the kidneys (hence their name). They consist of two parts - the cortex (80 - 90% of the mass of the entire gland) and the medulla. The adrenal cortex produces about 50 different hormones, 8 of which have a pronounced biological effect; common name its hormones are corticosteroids. The medulla produces such important hormones as adrenaline and norepinephrine. They influence the condition blood vessels, and norepinephrine constricts the blood vessels of all parts, with the exception of the brain, and adrenaline constricts some of the vessels and dilates some. Adrenaline increases and speeds up heart contractions, while norepinephrine, on the contrary, can decrease them.
The gonads are represented in men by the testes, and in women by the ovaries.
The testicles produce sperm and testosterone.
The ovaries produce estrogens and a number of other hormones that ensure the normal development of the female genital organs and secondary sexual characteristics, determine the cyclicity of menstruation, normal course pregnancy, etc.
The thymus or thymus gland is located behind the sternum and just below the thyroid gland. Relatively large in childhood, the thymus gland shrinks in mature age. She has great importance in maintaining the human immune status by producing T cells, which are the basis of the immune system and thymopoietins, which promote maturation and functional activity immune cells throughout their entire existence.
In a diffuse endocrine system, endocrine cells are not concentrated, but scattered. Some endocrine functions are performed by the liver (secretion of somatomedin, insulin-like growth factors, etc.), kidneys (secretion of erythropoietin, medullin, etc.), and spleen (secretion of splenins). More than 30 hormones have been isolated and described that are secreted into the bloodstream by cells or clusters of cells located in tissues gastrointestinal tract. Endocrine cells are found throughout the human body.
Endocrine diseases are a class of diseases that result from a disorder of one or more endocrine glands. Endocrine diseases are based on hyperfunction, hypofunction or dysfunction of the endocrine glands.
Typically, treatment of diseases of the endocrine system requires an integrated approach. Therapeutic effect therapy is enhanced when combined scientific methods treatment using folk recipes and other means traditional medicine contained in the recommendations healthy grains long-term people's experience home treatment people, including those suffering from diseases of the endocrine system.
Recipe No. 1. A universal remedy normalization of the functions of all glands of the endocrine system is a plant - lungwort. For treatment, grass, leaves, flowers, and roots are used. Young leaves and shoots are used for food - salads, soups, and purees are prepared from them. Young peeled stems and flower petals are often eaten. Directions for use: pour one tablespoon of dry lungwort herb into one glass of boiling water, boil for 3 minutes, cool and take four times a day 30 minutes before meals. Drink in slow sips. You can add honey in the morning and evening.
Recipe No. 2. Another plant that treats hormonal disorders of the endocrine system is horsetail. It promotes the production female hormones. Directions for use: brew and drink as tea 15 minutes after meals. In addition, horsetail can be mixed in a 1:1 ratio with the rhizome of calamus. This healing decoction Many women's diseases are cured.
Recipe No. 3. To prevent endocrine system disorders in women, leading to excessive body and facial hair, you need to include a dish such as an omelet with champignons in your diet as often as possible (at least 2 times a week). The main components of this dish have the ability to draw in and absorb excess male hormones. When preparing an omelet, natural sunflower oil should be used.
Recipe No. 4. One of the most common problems in older men is benign prostatic hypertrophy. The production of testosterone decreases with age, while the production of some other hormones increases. The end result is an increase in dihydrotestosterone, a powerful male hormone which causes prostate enlargement. An enlarged prostate puts pressure on urinary tract what causes frequent urination, sleep disturbance and fatigue. Very effective in treatment natural remedies. First, you need to completely eliminate coffee consumption and drink more water. Then increase the doses of zinc, vitamin B6 and fatty acids(sunflower, olive oil). Palmetto palm extract is also good remedy. It can be easily found in online stores.
Recipe No. 5. Treatment of diabetes. Finely chop six onions, fill them with raw cold water, close the lid, let it brew overnight, strain and drink the liquid little by little throughout the day. Do this every day for a week, following a normal diet. Then 5 days break. If necessary, the procedure can be repeated until recovery.
Recipe No. 6. The main component of field cloves are its alkaloids, which cure many diseases and include the whole immune system and especially the thymus (small sun). This plant improves hormonal system, bringing the ratio of hormones to normal, treats excessive hair growth in women and baldness in men. Serves as the best blood purifier. Directions for use: The plant should be brewed in dry form as tea (1 tablespoon per glass of water) and left for 10 minutes. Drink after meals for 15 days in a row, then take a 15-day break. It is not recommended to use more than 5 cycles, as the body may become accustomed to it. Drink 4 times a day without sugar instead of tea.
Recipe No. 7. The functioning of the adrenal glands and the endocrine system can be regulated with the help of smell. In addition, the smell eliminates gynecological disorders and other serious functional diseases of women. This medicinal smell is the smell sweat glands men in the armpits. To do this, a woman should inhale the smell of sweat 4 times a day for 10 minutes, burying her nose in the right armpit men. This smell of sweat under the arm should preferably belong to a beloved and desired man.
These recipes are provided for informational purposes only. Before use, you should consult your doctor.
In order to minimize and minimize the risks associated with diseases of the endocrine system, it is necessary to observe healthy image life. Factors that adversely affect the condition of the endocrine glands:
Lack of physical activity. This is fraught with circulatory problems.
Poor nutrition. Junk food with synthetic preservatives, trans fats, dangerous food additives. Deficiency of basic vitamins and microelements.
Harmful drinks. Tonic drinks containing a lot of caffeine and toxic substances have a very negative effect on the adrenal glands, deplete the central nervous system, and shorten its life.
Bad habits. Alcohol, active or passive smoking, drug addiction lead to a serious toxic load, exhaustion of the body and intoxication.
State of chronic stress. Endocrine organs are very sensitive to such situations.
Bad ecology. Have an effect on the body negative influence internal toxins and exotoxins are external damaging substances.
Medicines. Children overfed with antibiotics in childhood have problems with the thyroid gland and hormonal imbalances.
Our body has many organs and systems; in fact, it is a unique natural mechanism. It takes a lot of time to study the human body completely. But getting a general idea is not that difficult. Especially if this is necessary to understand any of your illnesses.
The word “endocrine” itself comes from a Greek phrase and means “to secrete inside.” This system of the human body normally provides us with all the hormones we may need.
Thanks to the endocrine system, many processes occur in our body: 
The importance of hormones is enormous
Already at the moment when a tiny cell begins to develop under a woman’s heart - unborn child– It is hormones that regulate this process.
We need the formation of these compounds for literally everything. Even to fall in love.
The main organs of the endocrine system are:
All these organs (glands) are united endocrine cells. But in our body, in almost all tissues, there are individual cells that also produce hormones.
To distinguish between united and scattered secretory cells, the general human endocrine system is divided into:
The answer to this question is in the table below:
| Organ | What is he responsible for? |
| Hypothalamus | Control over hunger, thirst, sleep. Sending commands to the pituitary gland. |
| Pituitary | Releases growth hormone. Together with the hypothalamus, it coordinates the interaction of the endocrine and nervous systems. |
| Thyroid, parathyroid, thymus glands | They regulate the processes of human growth and development, the functioning of his nervous, immune and motor systems. |
| Pancreas | Monitoring blood glucose levels. |
| Adrenal cortex | They regulate the activity of the heart and blood vessels and control metabolic processes. |
| Gonads (testes/ovaries) | They produce sex cells and are responsible for reproduction processes. |
It is now known that our glands and individual cells produce about thirty types of different hormones. All of them are released into the blood in different quantities and at different frequencies. In fact, we live only thanks to hormones.
If the activity of any endocrine gland is disrupted, various diseases occur.
All of them affect our health and life. In some cases, improper hormone production literally changes a person's appearance. For example, without growth hormone a person looks like a dwarf, and a woman without the proper development of reproductive cells cannot become a mother.
The pancreas is designed to produce the hormone insulin. Without it, the breakdown of glucose in the body is impossible. In the first type of disease, insulin production is too low, and this disrupts normal metabolic processes. The second type of SD means that internal organs literally refuse to take insulin.
Impaired glucose metabolism in the body triggers many dangerous processes. Example:
The human endocrine system is an important department, in pathologies of which the speed and nature of metabolic processes change, tissue sensitivity decreases, and the secretion and transformation of hormones is disrupted. In the background hormonal imbalances sexual and reproductive function, appearance changes, performance and well-being deteriorate.
Every year endocrine pathologies Doctors are increasingly identifying patients with young and children. The combination of environmental, industrial and other unfavorable factors with stress, overwork, and hereditary predisposition increases the likelihood chronic pathologies. It is important to know how to avoid development metabolic disorders, hormonal imbalances.
The main elements are located in different departments body. - a special gland in which not only the secretion of hormones occurs, but also the process of interaction between the endocrine and nervous systems takes place for the optimal regulation of functions in all parts of the body.
The endocrine system ensures the transfer of information between cells and tissues, regulation of the functioning of departments with the help of specific substances - hormones. The glands produce regulators at certain intervals, in optimal concentrations. Hormone synthesis weakens or increases due to natural processes, for example, pregnancy, aging, ovulation, menstruation, lactation, or when pathological changes of different nature.
Endocrine glands are formations and structures various sizes, producing a specific secretion directly into the lymph, blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and intercellular fluid. Lack of external ducts, like salivary glands - specific sign, on the basis of which the hypothalamus, thyroid gland, and pineal gland are called endocrine glands.
Classification of endocrine glands:
The complex structure provides a diverse effect on organs and tissues. The system consists of several elements that regulate the functioning of a certain part of the body or several physiological processes.
Main sections of the endocrine system:
Organs of the endocrine system (endocrine glands):
Organs containing endocrine tissue:
Organs that contain endocrine cells:
The body regulates the functions of the endocrine glands in several ways:
Note! Under the influence of external and internal factors it is possible both a decrease in the activity of the endocrine gland (hypofunction) and an increased synthesis of hormones (hyperfunction).
According to their chemical structure, hormones are:
Amino acid derivatives and steroid hormones exhibit the same type of effect, peptide and protein regulators have a pronounced species specificity. Regulators include peptides of sleep, learning and memory, drinking and eating behavior, analgesics, neurotransmitters, regulators of muscle tone, mood, sexual behavior. This category includes stimulants of immunity, survival and growth,
Regulatory peptides often affect organs not independently, but in combination with bioactive substances, hormones and mediators, and exhibit a local effect. Feature- synthesis in various departments body: gastrointestinal tract, central nervous system, heart, reproductive system.
The target organ has receptors for a specific type of hormone. For example, bones are susceptible to the action of parathyroid gland regulators, small intestine, kidneys.
Basic properties of hormones:
The deficiency of one of the hormones cannot be compensated by using another regulator. In the absence of a specific substance, excessive secretion or low concentration, a pathological process develops.
To assess the functionality of the glands that produce regulators, several types of studies of varying levels of complexity are used. First, the doctor examines the patient and the problem area, e.g. thyroid gland, reveals external signs deviations and
It is necessary to collect a personal/family history: many endocrine diseases have hereditary predisposition. Next comes a set of diagnostic measures. Only a series of tests in combination with instrumental diagnostics allows us to understand what type of pathology is developing.
Basic methods for studying the endocrine system:
On the page, read the instructions for using Mastodinon drops and tablets for the treatment of mastopathy of the mammary glands.
Diseases of the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, hypothalamus, pineal gland, pancreas, and other elements:
