Isolate organs oral cavity, esophagus, gastrointestinal tract and auxiliary organs. All parts digestive system are functionally interconnected - food processing begins in the oral cavity, and final processing of products is ensured in the stomach and intestines.
Small intestine a person is a part digestive tract. This department is responsible for the final processing of substrates and absorption (absorption).
Vitamin B12 is absorbed in the small intestine.
The human body is a narrow tube about six meters long.
This section of the digestive tract got its name due to its proportional features - the diameter and width of the small intestine are much smaller than those of the large intestine.
The small intestine is divided into the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. - This is the first segment of the small intestine, located between the stomach and jejunum.
The most active digestive processes take place here; it is here that pancreatic and gallbladder enzymes are secreted. The jejunum follows the duodenum, its length on average is one and a half meters. Anatomically, the jejunum and ileum are not separated.
Mucous membrane jejunum on the inner surface it is covered with microvilli that absorb nutrients, carbohydrates, amino acids, sugar, fatty acids, electrolytes and water. The surface of the jejunum increases due to special fields and folds.
Others are also absorbed in the ileum water soluble vitamins. In addition, this area small intestine also participates in the absorption of nutrients. The functions of the small intestine are somewhat different from the stomach. In the stomach, food is crushed, ground and initially decomposed.
In the small intestine, substrates are degraded to components and are absorbed for transport to all parts of the body.
The small intestine is in contact with the pancreas.
As we noted above, in the digestive tract the small intestine follows immediately after the stomach. Duodenum- the initial section of the small intestine, following the pyloric section of the stomach.
The duodenum begins with the bulb, goes around the head and ends at abdominal cavity Treitz's ligament.
The peritoneal cavity is a thin connective tissue surface covering some of the abdominal organs.
The rest of the small intestine is literally suspended in by the mesentery attached to the posterior abdominal wall. This structure allows parts of the small intestine to move freely during surgery.
The jejunum occupies left side abdominal cavity, while the ileum is located in the upper right side of the abdominal cavity. The inner surface of the small intestine contains mucous folds called circular rings. Such anatomical formations more numerous in primary department small intestine and contract closer to distal section ileum.
The assimilation of food substrates is carried out with the help of primary cells of the epithelial layer. Cubic cells located throughout the entire area of the mucous membrane secrete mucus, which protects the intestinal walls from an aggressive environment.
Enteric endocrine cells secrete hormones blood vessels. These hormones are essential for digestion. Flat cells of the epithelial layer secrete lysozyme, an enzyme that destroys. The walls of the small intestine are tightly connected to the capillary networks of the circulatory and lymphatic systems.
The walls of the small intestine consist of four layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and adventitia.
The small intestine consists of several sections.
The human small intestine is functionally connected with everything; the digestion of 90% of food substrates ends here, the remaining 10% is absorbed in the large intestine.
The main function of the small intestine is to absorb nutrients and minerals from food. The digestion process consists of two main parts.
The first part involves the mechanical processing of food by chewing, grinding, beating and mixing - all this occurs in the mouth and stomach. The second part of food digestion involves the chemical processing of substrates, which uses enzymes, bile acids and other substances.
All this is necessary in order to decompose whole products into individual components and absorb them. Chemical digestion occurs in the small intestine - this is where the most active enzymes and excipients are found.
In the small intestine, proteins are broken down and fats are digested.
After rough processing of products in the stomach, it is necessary to decompose the substrates into separate components accessible for absorption.
And there are more than 20 of them, taking part in the digestion process. They process food into nutrients, which are then absorbed by the body and enter the bloodstream. The small intestine is a long tube (2-4 m) that is part of the digestive tract and connects the stomach and large intestine. The processes of food digestion most actively occur in it. This is where most of the vitamins, minerals, fats and some water are absorbed. Muscle contractions called peristalsis move food toward the large intestine.
Functionally and anatomically, it is divided into 3 sections:
The duodenum is the first and shortest section, its length is approximately 25 cm. Food enters it from the stomach through the muscular sphincter. The ducts from the pancreas and gallbladder exit here. Iron absorption occurs in this part. Skinny and ileum form numerous loops. Sugars, amino acids and fatty acids are absorbed here. In the last section of the intestine, vitamin B12 and bile acids are absorbed.
Throughout its entire length, the wall of the organ has 3 shells:
The inner layer and sublayer have folds. The mucous membrane is equipped with projections (villi) that have close contact with incoming food. Between them are long depressions or crypts that secrete intestinal juice. At their base there are special cells that produce the antibacterial enzyme lysozyme. Special goblet cells secrete mucus, which is involved in digestion and helps move the liquid contents of the stomach (chyme).
It produces an alkaline fluid that neutralizes the acid in the gastric juice, thereby helping to maintain an optimal pH value of 7 to 9. This necessary condition for the productive work of enzymes. All enzymes produced in the small intestine are formed in the epithelium of the mucous membrane or on the villi and are part of the intestinal juice. They are divided according to the type of substrate they affect. The following enzymes are distinguished:
Many enzymes enter the intestines from the pancreas and gallbladder. The pancreatic enzymes he takes are lipase, trypsin and amylase. Trypsin breaks down proteins into shorter polypeptides, lipase converts fats and oils into fatty acids and glycerol, and amylase converts amylose (starch) into maltose. The incoming bile emulsifies fats and allows intestinal lipase, which is less active than pancreatic lipase, to work more efficiently.
Under the influence of these compounds, proteins, fats and carbohydrates break down into smaller molecules. But they are not completely split yet. They are then affected by intestinal enzymes. These include:
The resulting simple molecules are absorbed into the blood via villi in the jejunum and ileum.
The small intestine is the first and longest section of the gastrointestinal tract, which is located behind the stomach. Its ending is the ileum. The main function of the small intestine is the absorption of fluid with various beneficial substances that come with food and dissolve in it.
The human body does not produce digestive enzymes on its own, since they enter it when a person eats raw food or in the form of special dietary supplements. Only in the pancreas are such enzymes produced, but they are not activated in the stomach itself, but only in the 12th duodenum provided that it retains weak alkaline balance.
And therefore, if if the acid-base balance is disturbed, then the enzymes of the small intestine will not work.
There is an opinion that hydrochloric acid, which is found in gastric juice, helps break down protein. But this is a misconception, because this acid does not break it down, but only converts pepsinogen into a more active form called pepsin. This is an enzyme that breaks down protein and begins to actively work in the gastrointestinal tract.
What to do if an enzyme does not function in the small intestine and its deficiency occurs? What enzymes are needed by the human body, and how to replenish them with healthy food and biological additives?
Food enzymes work in the gastrointestinal tract, and the pancreas in the duodenum. Such enzymes operate over a fairly wide range and therefore retain their activity throughout gastric tract. But pancreatin is a pancreatic enzyme that works in an alkaline environment with a narrow spectrum of action and is destroyed when it enters the acidic environment of the stomach.
A lack of enzymes that are needed for stable functioning of the gastrointestinal tract can lead to various diseases, such as:
What enzymes are prescribed for low acidity and other problems? If there is a decrease in acidity, the doctor prescribes this the drug is like hydrochloric acid, which will improve the process of protein digestion. But the best thing to do is positive result using food enzymes to avoid putting stress on the kidneys, as the urine test may show an acidic reaction, which may be associated with taking dietary supplements or consuming acidic foods.
For increased acidity, take calcium salts. But sometimes they have negative effect, as they turn into oxalic acid salts, which contribute to the development of arthritis and other joint diseases of the bones. Correction of enzymes in the body can be done using raw food with high content of these substances.
Also, a lack of enzymes can lead to symptoms such as:
Enzymes that digest proteins have significant therapeutic effect for diseases of organs such as eyes, kidneys, ears. They are the body's first and very important line of defense.
If you are losing weight suddenly, you need to remove all foods that contain purine from your menu., because acidic environment gastric juice destroys elements such as lipase and amylase, which leads to unsatisfactory digestion of fats. Pancreatitis is a consequence of the high content of purine in the body, and this causes irreparable damage to the kidneys.
The intestines are one of the most amazing organs. But, doing huge amount functions and providing many processes in the body, it often remains undeservedly forgotten. He is often remembered only in cases when there are violations in his work and he needs help. To understand the importance of proper intestinal function for the health of the body as a whole, you should become more familiar with the structure and functions of this organ.
The intestine is an organ of digestion and excretion, located in the abdominal cavity and consisting of several sections. It is one of the most important organs. The intestine not only supplies the body with nutrients, but also removes harmful compounds, participates in the formation and maintenance general immunity, is responsible for the body's energy resources and much more. Even from such a brief enumeration of the functions of the intestine, it can be understood that it normal operation- This is one of the most important components of human health and longevity.
Although the intestine is an anatomically single organ, there are several sections, each of which is responsible for certain functions.
Small intestine. This section consists of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. It breaks down, digests and absorbs nutrients. Energy metabolism is accomplished by transferring nutrients through the intestinal wall into the blood. In this process, special enzymes are released that break down food into simple amino acids, fatty acids and glucose. Further, by absorption into the intestinal mucosa useful substances enter the body.
Large intestine. This section consists of the cecum, ascending transverse and descending colon, sigmoid and rectum, as well as the appendix. Main function the large intestine is responsible for the absorption of water, as well as the formation correct stool for subsequent removal from the body. Digestive processes also continue to occur in this department.
The structure of the intestine ensures the performance of many functions, each of which has great importance to maintain overall health.
The work of the intestine is based on peristaltic contractions, which push its contents towards the anus. During this movement, the liquid or semi-liquid contents of the intestine (chyme) are processed by intestinal juices and broken down into the simplest compounds. They, in turn, are absorbed into the intestinal walls and enter the blood. After this, the nutrients are distributed throughout the human body.
The intestinal walls consist of 4 layers:
The above layers are a kind of conductor of valuable nutrients for the body.
With a number of intestinal diseases, as well as with poor nutrition, physical inactivity and other pathologies, intestinal motility disorders develop. At the same time, it is very important to normalize its functions in order to prevent complications caused by stagnation feces. They can be expressed in intoxication, poor general health, improper breakdown and absorption of nutrients, which entails problems with all organs.
A symptom such as constipation is a reason to consult a doctor, who will identify the causes of this condition and prescribe treatment that will improve the functioning of this organ and restore its functions.
Small intestine
The small intestine is usually divided into the duodenum, jejunum and small intestine.
Academician A. M. Ugolev called the duodenum “the hypothalamic-pituitary system of the abdominal cavity.” It produces the following factors, which regulate the body’s energy metabolism and appetite.
1. Transition from gastric to intestinal digestion. Outside the digestive period, the contents of the duodenum have a slightly alkaline reaction.
2. Several important digestive ducts from the liver and pancreas and their own Brunner’s and Lieberkühn’s glands, located deep in the mucous membrane, open into the cavity of the duodenum.
3. Three main types of digestion: cavity, membrane and intracellular under the influence of pancreatic secretions, bile and own juices.
4. Absorption of nutrients and removal of some unnecessary ones from the blood.
5. Production of intestinal hormones and biologically active substances, having both digestive and non-digestive effects. For example, hormones are formed in the mucous membrane of the duodenum: secretin stimulates the secretion of the pancreas and bile; cholecystokinin stimulates gallbladder motility, opens bile duct; villikinin stimulates the motility of the villi of the small intestine, etc.
The jejunum and small intestine are about 6 m long. The glands secrete up to 2 liters of juice per day. Total surface inner shell intestines including villi - about 5 m2, which is about three times more outer surface bodies. That is why processes occur here that require a large amount of free energy, that is, associated with the assimilation (assimilation) of food - cavity and membrane digestion, as well as absorption.
Small intestine - most important organ internal secretion. It contains 7 types of different endocrine cells, each of which produces a specific hormone.
Walls of the small intestine have complex structure. The cells of the mucosa have up to 4000 outgrowths - microvilli, which form a rather dense “brush”. There are about 50-200 million of them on 1 mm 2 of the surface of the intestinal epithelium! Such a structure - it is called a brush border - not only sharply increases the absorption surface of intestinal cells (20-60 times), but also determines many functional features processes occurring on it.
In turn, the surface of the microvilli is covered with glycocalyx. It consists of numerous thin winding filaments that form an additional pre-membrane layer that fills the pores between the microvilli. These threads are a product of the activity of intestinal cells (enterocytes) and “grow” from the membranes of microvilli. The diameter of the filaments is 0.025-0.05 microns, and the thickness of the layer along the outer surface of intestinal cells is approximately 0.1-0.5 microns.
The glycocalyx with microvilli plays the role of a porous catalyst; its significance is that it increases the active surface. In addition, microvilli are involved in the transfer of substances during the operation of the catalyst in cases where the pores have approximately the same dimensions as the molecules. In addition, microvilli are able to contract and relax in a rhythm of 6 times per minute, which increases the speed of both digestion and absorption. The glycocalyx is characterized by significant water penetration (hydrophilicity), gives the transfer processes a directed (vector) and selection (selective) nature, and also reduces the flow of antigens and toxins into the internal environment of the body.
Digestion in the small intestine. The process of digestion in the small intestine is complex and easily disrupted. With the help of cavity digestion, they are carried out mainly initial stages hydrolysis of proteins, fats, carbohydrates and other nutrients ( nutrients). Hydrolysis of molecules (monomers) occurs in the brush border. The final stages of hydrolysis occur on the microvilli membrane, followed by absorption.
What are the features of this digestion?
1. High free energy appears at the interface between water - air, oil - water, etc. Due to the large surface of the small intestine, powerful processes occur here, so it is required large number free energy.
The state in which the substance (food mass) is located at the phase boundary (near the brush border in the pores of the glycocalyx) differs from the state of this substance in the bulk (in the intestinal cavity) in many ways, in particular in terms of energy level. As a rule, surface food molecules have more energy than those in the deep phase.
2. Organic matter (food) reduces surface tension and therefore collects at the interface. Favorable conditions are created for the transfer of nutrients from the middle of the chyme ( food mass) to the surface of the intestine (intestinal cell), that is, from cavity to membrane digestion.
3. Selective separation of positively and negatively charged food substances at the phase boundary leads to the emergence of a significant phase potential, while the molecules at the surface boundary are mostly in an oriented state, and in the depths - in a chaotic state.
4. Enzymatic systems that provide parietal digestion are included in the composition of cell membranes in the form of spatially ordered systems. From here, molecules of food monomers oriented in the required way, due to the presence of phase potential, are directed to the active center of the enzymes.
5. At the final stage of digestion, when monomers are formed that are accessible to bacteria inhabiting the intestinal cavity, it occurs in the ultrastructures of the brush border. Bacteria do not penetrate there: their size is several microns, and the size of the brush border is much smaller - 100–200 angstroms. The brush border acts as a kind of bacterial filter. Thus, final stages hydrolysis and initial stages absorption occurs under sterile conditions.
6. The intensity of membrane digestion varies widely and depends on the speed of movement of liquid (chyme) relative to the surface of the small intestinal mucosa. Therefore, normal intestinal motility plays an extremely important role in maintaining a high rate of parietal digestion. Even if the enzymatic layer is preserved, the weakness of the mixing movements of the small intestine or the too rapid passage of food through it reduces parietal digestion.
The above mechanisms contribute to the fact that with the help of cavity digestion, mainly the initial stages of the breakdown of proteins, fats, carbohydrates and other nutrients are carried out. The breakdown of molecules (monomers) occurs in the brush border, that is, an intermediate stage. On the microvilli membrane, the final stages of cleavage occur, followed by absorption.
In order for food to be processed efficiently in the small intestine, the amount of food mass must be well balanced with the time of its movement along the entire intestine. In this regard, digestive processes and absorption of nutrients are distributed unevenly throughout the small intestine, and enzymes that process certain food components are located accordingly. Thus, fat in food significantly affects the absorption and assimilation of nutrients in the small intestine.
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