Ministry of Education and Science Russian Federation Federal state budget educational institution higher professional education
"Chelyabinsk State University"
CLASSICAL UNIVERSITY EDUCATION
HISTORY READING FROM ANCIENT TIMES TO THE PRESENT
Chelyabinsk Publishing house of Chelyabinsk State University
BBK T3(0)ya7 X917
The series was founded in 2008
Published by decision of the editorial and publishing council of Chelyabinsk State University
Reviewers:
Department of Social and Artistic-Aesthetic Disciplines of the Chelyabinsk Institute of Retraining
And advanced training of education workers;
I. V. Sibiryakov, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor
Compiled by:
G. A. Goncharov (modules 3, 6, 7, 8); Z. N. Anokhina (modules 3, 5, 6);
WITH. A. Bakanov (modules 4, 7, 8, 9); N. V. Grishina (modules 1, 8, 9);
P. F. Nazyrov (modules 1, 3, 4, 5); A. M. Skvortsov (module 2);
A. A. Fokin (modules 4, 7, 8)
X917 Reader on history from ancient times to the present day: textbook. allowance / comp. G. A. Goncharov [and others]. Chelyabinsk: Chelyab Publishing House. state Univ., 2012. 410 p. (Classical university education).
ISBN 978-5-7271-1122-2
The anthology is a collection of systematically selected materials covering all periods of human history. Compiled in accordance with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard for Higher Professional Education, the anthology has a modular structure. Designed to organize practical and independent work for students.
Addressed to students of various directions and specialties studying the disciplines “History”, “History of Russia”, “National History”.
BBK T3(0)ya73-3
FROM THE COMPILERS
The proposed anthology is a collection of systematically selected materials covering all periods of human history from ancient times to the present day. It is designed to organize practical and independent work for students
With the purpose of the most complete understanding of lecture materials, effective preparation to implementation test assignments and passing the exam.
Compiled in accordance with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard for Higher Professional Education, the reader has a modular structure. The authors offer nine modules, including texts from historical sources, excerpts from the works of historians, philosophers, public and government figures, which contain assessments of certain events. Particular attention should be paid to the module devoted to history and its place in the system of social sciences and humanities. Most documents are presented in extracts and excerpts. Some documents are published under their historically established title, some under their official title, and some under a title reflecting the problem-thematic nature of their content.
The reader is intended to help the student develop a way of historical thinking based on the following principles:
– problem-chronological principle that makes it possible
With by comparing similar phenomena relating to different time frames and different regions of the world, to identify patterns and trends in historical development;
– the comparative principle of comprehending history, which makes it possible to understand the organic interpenetration of the processes of domestic and foreign history;
– the principle of using both formational and civilizational approaches, allowing one to comprehend world history in general and learn the specifics inherent in the development of each nation.
This approach allows the student to gain a comprehensive understanding of global historical processes and the role of Russia
V world history. On the other hand, working with the proposed
V a textbook of materials contributes to the formation and development of such educational, cognitive and professional competencies, such as mastering research skills, goal setting, planning, analysis and reflection in the process of cognition, setting priorities, finding optimal solutions, etc.
HISTORY AS A SCIENCE
Fernand Braudel
History and social sciences. Historical duration (extract)
Fernand Braudel (1902–1985) is a famous French historian, representative of the French “Annals” school. In his methodological article “History and Social Sciences: Great Time”
the problem of the significance of historical evidence for all societies
fields of socio-humanitarian knowledge.
I have already spoken about mine negative attitude to a purely eventful story. But to be fair, it must be admitted that history alone is not to blame for this “pure” descriptiveness. All social sciences tend to fall into this trap. Economists, demographers and geographers have paid much more attention to the present than to the past. Restoring a certain balance in this regard would be extremely desirable. This is easy and even necessary for demographers to do. This is almost self-evident for geographers (especially French geographers brought up on Vidal de La Blache). But this is very rare among economists, who have become prisoners of excessive short-termism. Their research is carried out in a time interval limited, on the one hand, to 1945, and on the other hand, to the present moment, to which planning and forecasts can add
several months, at best years. I dare to say that all time restrictions hinder the development of economic thought. Economists would argue that it is the historian's job to look beyond 1945 in search of the past of economic systems. But by abandoning the past, they thereby, of their own free will, reduce the magnificent field of observation given to them, without at all denying its value. Economists have fallen victim to the habit of serving the most immediate needs and modern governments.
The position of ethnographers and anthropologists is less sharply defined and less alarming. True, some of them continue to firmly insist on the impossibility and futility of introducing history into their science.<…>How can anthropology stop being interested in history? Claude Lévi-Strauss likes to say that the anthropologist and the historian are engaged in the same intellectual enterprise<…>. No matter how primitive a society may be, the “claws of events” always leave their traces on it. There was no society whose traces of history were completely lost. That is why it is unfair to complain about the lack of attention to history on the part of these sciences.
On the contrary, one can very thoroughly criticize the short-term perspective of the approach to events, carried to the extreme by that type of sociology which is limited to the survey of the present. Everything that turns out to be on the borders of sociology, psychology and economic science, may become the subject of such a survey. It is fashionable not only in France and by its nature represents a kind of constant play on the unique significance of the present with its “volcanic” heat and abundance of details. Why return to the past, to this impoverished, abandoned, schematized, silent country? But is this past dead and should it really be reconstructed, as they are trying to prove to you? Undoubtedly, the historian sometimes too easily extracts from the past what seems to him essential for of this period. As Henri Pirenne often said, the historian has no difficulty in selecting " important events”, in other words, “those events that had consequences.” One cannot help but see the danger of such a simplification. But what would an observer of the present not give for the opportunity to delve into the past (or, rather, go forward into the future) and see modern life simplified?
devoid of masks, instead of that incomprehensible, overloaded with trifles picture that appears up close? Claude Levi-Strauss claims that one hour of conversation with a contemporary of Plato would tell him more about the solidity (or, conversely, disunity) of ancient Greek civilization than any modern research.<…>And I completely agree with him. But he is right only because over the years he has listened to the voices of many Greeks rescued from oblivion. The historian prepared his journey. An hour in today's Greece would tell him nothing or almost nothing about the solidity or fragmentation of modern Greek society.
Moreover, the researcher of the present can penetrate into the deep elements of existing social structures only through a similar process of reconstruction, making hypotheses
And explanations and refusing to accept reality as it appears. He penetrates into the depths, either simplifying or adding something of his own to the existing one. These are all ways to step back from the material to gain better mastery of it. I doubt that modern sociological photography is any more “true” than the historical picture of the past. The more it moves away from “reconstructions”, the less true it becomes.
Philippe Ariès emphasized that the sense of novelty of an object plays an important role in historical explanation. Entering the 16th century, you find yourself in a strange environment, strange for you, a person of the 20th century<…>. Why does this environment seem strange to you? This is exactly the question you must decide. But I would also say that the sense of wonder, unfamiliarity, distance (all of which are necessary for cognition) in equally are also needed to understand your immediate environment: if it is very familiar to you, then you lose the ability to see it clearly. A Frenchman who has lived in London for a year will not learn much about life in England. But by comparison and under the influence of the sense of wonder that will seize him there, he suddenly becomes aware of some of the most fundamental
And specific features of France, which he had not seen before precisely because they were constantly before his eyes. Both the past and the present are known at a distance.
Historians and social scientists can no doubt debate ad infinitum as to the relative merits of lifeless documents and too-close-to-life testimony; regarding the merits of the past,
which is too distant, and the present, which is too close. I don't think this is the main problem. The past and present always shed mutual light on each other. If you study only what is nearby, attention inevitably focuses on what moves quickly, shines (although it is not necessarily gold), changes, makes noise and generally amazes. The danger of simply cataloging events in these conditions is as great as in the historical sciences. It is equally subject to the anthropologist who has spent three months among some Polynesian tribe, and the industrial sociologist who is proud of the snapshots of the latest survey and believes that a well-designed questionnaire and a set of punched cards can give full description social mechanism. Social game is not so easy to catch.
For example, what might be the significance for the human sciences of a map of a young girl's route as she leaves her home in the 16th arrondissement of Paris on her way to a music lesson and a popular science lecture?<…>. Very nice card. But if this girl had studied agronomy and been involved in water skiing, the triangle of her route would have looked completely different. I am glad that I have been given the opportunity to get acquainted with a map of the location of the housing of employees of a large Parisian company. But if I don't have a map of the past location of their homes, or if the time intervals between collecting certain data are too short to make any connection, then I don't see any problem here at all. In this case, the study loses its meaning. Surveys for surveys' sake are only interesting in that they accumulate information. But this does not mean that all of them will necessarily be useful for future researchers. Let us beware of art for art's sake.
Likewise, I doubt that it is possible to survey a single city sociologically without reference to a broader historical perspective.<…>Each city, in a certain sense a complete society with its own internal rhythm, crises, sudden changes and with a constant need for planning, must at the same time be considered in conjunction with its surrounding agricultural areas and the archipelago of neighboring cities.<…>Consequently, the development of the city cannot be studied in isolation from the historical development of this entire complex complex, which often has its roots in the distant past. And is it possible when studying
In considering any particular form of exchange between town and country, or industrial or commercial competition, it is not extremely important to know whether we are dealing with a new and turbulent process or
With the final phase of an old, long-established phenomenon, or
With a monotonously repeating phenomenon?
IN In conclusion, I would like to quote the words that Lucien Febvre loved to repeat in the last decade of his life: “History is the science of the past and the science of the future.” And indeed, isn’t history, this dialectic of time, an explanation of social reality in its entirety - both the directly experienced moment and the past? It teaches us to be alert to events. We must think exclusively in terms of the short term.
Notes
Vidal de La Blache (1845–1918) - geographer, founder of the French geopolitical scientific school.
Claude Lévi-Strauss (1908–2009) - French ethnographer, sociologist and cultural scientist.
Henri Pirenne (1862–1935) - Belgian historian, specialist in the economic history of the Western European Middle Ages.
Philippe Ariès (1914–1984) - French historian, author of works on the history of everyday life, family and childhood, the most famous work is “Man in the Face of Death.”
Lucien Febvre (1878–1956) - French historian, one of the founders of the French “Annals” school, author of the work “Battles for History.”
Source: Philosophy and methodology of history / ed. I. S. Kona. [Reprint. 1963]. Blagoveshchensk: RIO Blagoveshch. humanist College named after I. A. Baudouin de Courtenay, 2000, pp. 115–142.
What is history for (extract)
John Tosh is a modern British historian, author of the famous work “The Pursuit of Truth. How to master the skill of a historian."
Going to one extreme, we can assume that history will tell us almost everything we need to know about the future. The great trajectory of historical development is our destinies, the present world in its true form and the future course of events. Realizing this requires a strictly schematic interpretation of human development, usually called metahistory. Until the 17th century Western culture was dominated by its religious version. Medieval thinkers believed that history develops in accordance with Divine Providence: from the day of creation to the atoning sacrifice of Christ and further until Last Judgment; studying the past allows us to understand to some extent the providence of God and focus on the future retribution for sins. With the gradual secularization of European culture starting from the 18th century. this point of view no longer seemed so obvious. New forms of metahistory have emerged that connect the progressive course of human development with the actions of people, and not with God's providence. It was to them that the Enlightenment idea of the moral improvement of mankind applied. However, Marxism can be considered the most influential form of metahistory in modern times. Driving force history became the struggle of society to satisfy its material needs (this is why Marxist theory is called “historical materialism”). Marx interpreted human history as a movement from lower ways production to higher; in his time, industrial capitalism was the highest form, but it was inevitably going to be replaced by a socialist system, and it was at this stage that people’s needs would be satisfied fully and equally.<…>Since the collapse of the international communist movement, the number of supporters of historical materialism has declined sharply, but metahistorical thinking remains popular: some free market theorists turn Marxism on its head.
Domestic history draws its information from many historical sources, among which one of the most important are written ones. These are the works of ancient authors, works of art past centuries, chronicles, notes of travelers and scientists, codes of laws and records of contemporaries of events and much more. It is written historical sources that allow us to restore the chronology of events, obtain information from eyewitnesses of certain phenomena, and make it possible to vividly and colorfully imagine the situation in certain periods of the history of our country.
This anthology includes the main written evidence about the history of the Russian state: from the first mentions of the Slavic peoples to the events of the beginning of the 21st century. In total, this manual contains more than 140 documents. The structure of the material is built on a problem-chronological principle, which allows students to concentrate their attention on critical issues National history.
Familiarization with authentic documents will allow students to learn to draw conclusions about certain historical events independently, master the basics of working with written sources and develop the ability to analyze texts, evaluate the reliability and importance of the information they contain. Working with texts from sources from this anthology should be the beginning of acquiring useful skills for students of any specialty.
Bulkin I. Yu.,
Vostrikova N. Yu.,
Emelyanov A.V.
Topic: The initial stage of Russian history
The first mentions of the Slavs (VI century)
About the settlement of the ancient Slavs
Topic: Kievan Rus
About the Russians (around 949)
On the calling of the Varangians to Rus'
About the founding of Kyiv
ABOUT Kyiv princes Askold and Dire
From the terms of the agreement between Prince Oleg and Byzantium in 907.
About Prince Svyatoslav
About Prince Vladimir
About Yaroslav the Wise
From the code of laws “Russian Truth”
About the Polovtsians
About the princely congress in Lyubech (1097)
Topic: Russian lands inXII- XIIIcenturies
About the defeat of Kyiv in 1171 by the Suzdal princes
Epic Description Rus' XIII V.
Topic: Rus' and Horde
On the origin of the Mongol-Tatars
The first appearance of the Mongol-Tatars in Rus' and the Battle of Kalka (1223)
About Batu's invasion of Rus'
On the consequences of the devastation of Rus' by the Mongol-Tatar invasion
About the Battle of the Neva and the Battle of the Ice
About the Moscow Principality under Ivan Kalita
About the Battle of Kulikovo 1380
About the campaign of Khan Akhmat to Rus' in 1480
Topic: Muscovite Rus'
From the Code of Laws of Ivan III (1497)
From the Code of Laws of Ivan IV the Terrible (1550).
Topic: Age of “Enlightenment” in Russia
From the “Table of Ranks” of Peter I
Charter on the succession to the throne of Peter I
Certificate of rights, liberties and advantages
noble Russian nobility
Topic: Political, ideological, social context of reforming Russian society
From “Russian Truth” by P. Pestel
From the “Constitution” by N. M. Muravyov
From the program of the organization “Land and Freedom”. May 1878
Topic: Socio-economic problems of modernization in Russia in the 19th century
Manifesto February 19, 1861. About the most merciful granting to serfs of the rights of free rural inhabitants.
Topic: Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century
On improving public order
From the Program of the Russian Social Democratic Party
From the Program of the Constitutional Democratic Party (People's Freedom Party)
Topic: Political events of 1917 and the experience of the formation of Soviet statehood
On the abdication of the Sovereign Emperor Nicholas II from the Russian throne and the abdication of supreme power
On the refusal of Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich to accept the supreme power until the establishment of a form of government and new fundamental laws of the Russian state in the Constituent Assembly
Declaration of the Provisional Government on its composition and tasks
From the Provisional Government
On the introduction of an eight-hour working day, the organization of factory committees and conciliation chambers
On the organization and tasks of peasant councils
From a note from the Provisional Government to the governments of the Allied Powers (“Milyukov’s note”)
On economic policy issues
About the June demonstration of workers, soldiers and working people of Moscow, held under the slogans of the Bolsheviks
About the July events in Petrograd
"About Power"
On the preparation of an armed uprising in Petrograd
Application
About the coming to power of the Bolshevik Party
"On the organization of power"
Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia
“On the destruction of estates and civil ranks”
"About the institution Supreme Council national economy»
"On the nationalization of banks"
“On freedom of conscience, church and religious societies”
From the “Basic Law on the Socialization of the Land”
On the emergency powers of the People's Commissar for Food
On the organization of food brigades
From the Decree on Peace adopted by the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets
About the counter-revolutionary action of the Czechoslovak corps
On the mobilization of workers into the Red Army
"On the construction of the Red Army"
“On the international and internal situation of the Soviet Republic, on the current moment and the Red Army”
On the transformation of the Soviet Republic into a military camp
On the annulment of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty
On the formation of the Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense
On the strategic position of the Republic at the beginning of 1919.
On the allocation between the producing provinces of grain grain and fodder, subject to alienation at the disposal of the state
"On the attitude towards the Cossacks"
On the organization of intervention in Russia
About the fight against Kolchak
About the fight against Wrangel
About the successful offensive in Crimea
"The wealth of the peasants is the wealth of the Republic"
“On replacing food and raw materials allocation with a tax in kind”
"About exchange"
"On the new economic policy and industry"
About helping the hungry in the Volga region
Declaration on the Formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
From the Basic Law (Constitution) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on January 31, 1924.
Topic: Socio-economic development and political processes in the Soviet Union in 1928-1940.
According to the report of the Central Committee
“On the economic situation of the country and the tasks of the party”
About the mood of workers in the city
“On the implementation of the state national economic plan of 1939”
“On the tasks of party organizations in the field of industry and transport”
“On the results and further tasks of collective farm construction”
On the selection of advanced workers to work in the villages at the expense of 25 thousand
On the policy of collectivization
About mistakes during collectivization
About the activities of the "Industrial Party"
On the need to fight Stalin's dictatorship
On providing benefits to participants in the construction of the White Sea-Baltic Canal named after Comrade. Stalin
About the trial of the anti-Soviet Trotskyist center
"On the cult of personality and its consequences"
Topic: USSR on the eve and during the Great Patriotic War
On the creation of a collective security system in Europe
On mutual assistance between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Czechoslovak Republic
On the accession of the Sudetenland of the Czech Republic to Germany
Non-Aggression Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union
Treaty of Friendship and Border between the USSR and Germany
About the international situation and foreign policy USSR on the eve of World War II
On the state of the USSR Armed Forces on the eve of the Great Patriotic War
On the preparation of Nazi Germany for an attack on the USSR
About the timing of Germany's attack on the USSR
On German-Soviet economic relations on the eve of the war
About the first day of the Great Patriotic War
On the significance of the Battle of Smolensk
About the failure of the German plan to encircle and capture Moscow
On the reasons for the military failures of the Red Army in 1941.
On the formation of the State Defense Committee
On the restructuring of the defense industry
About the defeat of Nazi troops at Stalingrad
About the timing of the opening of the second front
On the responsibility of the Nazis for the atrocities committed
On cooperation between the USA, USSR and England in the war against Nazi Germany
About the final defeat of Germany and post-war relations
Topic: Theory and practice of reforming socialism in the USSR
“On the falsification of the so-called case of pest doctors”
“On the criminal anti-party and anti-state actions of Beria”
“On the case of Kuznetsov, Popkov, Voznesensky and others”
“On the amnesty of Soviet citizens who collaborated with the occupiers during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945.”
“On the rehabilitation of persons convicted in the case of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee”
“About the anti-party group of G. M. Malenkov, L. M. Kaganovich, V. M. Molotov.”
“On the presence, movement and composition of prisoners in forced labor camps and colonies of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs for 1953-1955.”
“On the abolition of tuition fees in senior secondary schools, in secondary special and higher educational institutions USSR"
“On the launch of the first Soviet Earth satellite”
"About Pasternak"
About the events of 1962 in Novocherkassk
"About the situation agriculture USSR"
On building a developed socialist society in the USSR
On the need to change the political system in the USSR
On improving interethnic relations in the USSR
“On the results of the 1st Congress of Independent Labor Movements and Organizations in Novokuznetsk”
On the state sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
About the creation of the movement “Democratic Russia”
On the rehabilitation of repressed peoples
Topic: Crisis of the Soviet system
From the Address of the State Committee on the State of Emergency in the USSR to the Soviet people
Statement by M. S. Gorbachev on the resignation of the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee
About the problems of the spiritual life of the country
On the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States
From the Declaration of Independent States
Topic: Russian Federation in the 90s
On a special management regime until the crisis of power is overcome
“On stage-by-stage constitutional reform in the Russian Federation”
“On the termination of the powers of the President of the Russian Federation B.N. Yeltsin.”
“To the citizens of Russia!”
“Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on culture”
Speech by Russian President V.V. Putin at the inauguration ceremony
This anthology includes the main written evidence about the history of the Russian state: from the first mentions of the Slavic peoples to the events of the beginning of the 21st century. In total, this manual contains more than 140 documents. The structure of the material is built on a problem-chronological principle, which allows students to concentrate their attention on the most important issues of Russian history.
Familiarization with authentic documents will allow students to learn to draw conclusions about certain historical events on their own, master the basics of working with written sources and develop the ability to analyze texts, evaluate the reliability and importance of the information they contain. Working with texts from sources from this anthology should be the beginning of acquiring useful skills for students of any specialty.
Reader on Russian history
(from ancient times to the beginning of the 21st century)
Tutorial for students of all specialties of SSTU
Contributing authors:
Bulkin I. Yu.,
Vostrikova N. Yu.,
Emelyanov A.V.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The first mentions of the Slavs (VI century)
Topic: Kievan Rus
About the Russians (around 949)
On the calling of the Varangians to Rus'
About the founding of Kyiv
About the Kyiv princes Askold and Dir
From the terms of the agreement between Prince Oleg and Byzantium in 907.
About Prince Svyatoslav
About Prince Vladimir
About Yaroslav the Wise
From the code of laws “Russian Truth”
About the Polovtsians
About the princely congress in Lyubech (1097)
Topic: Russian lands in the XII-XIII centuries.
About the defeat of Kyiv in 1171 by the Suzdal princes
Epic description of Rus' in the 13th century.
Topic: Rus' and Horde
On the origin of the Mongol-Tatars
The first appearance of the Mongol-Tatars in Rus' and the Battle of Kalka (1223)
About Batu's invasion of Rus'
On the consequences of the devastation of Rus' by the Mongol-Tatar invasion
About the Battle of the Neva and the Battle of the Ice
About the Moscow Principality under Ivan Kalita
About the Battle of Kulikovo 1380
About the campaign of Khan Akhmat to Rus' in 1480
Topic: Muscovite Rus'
From the Code of Laws of Ivan III (1497)
From the Code of Laws of Ivan IV the Terrible (1550).
Topic: Age of “Enlightenment” in Russia
From the “Table of Ranks” of Peter I
Charter on the succession to the throne of Peter I
Certificate of rights, liberties and advantages
noble Russian nobility
Topic: Political, ideological, social context of reforming Russian society
From “Russian Truth” by P. Pestel
From the “Constitution” by N. M. Muravyov
From the program of the organization “Land and Freedom”. May 1878
Topic: Socio-economic problems of modernization in Russia in the 19th century
Manifesto February 19, 1861. About the most merciful granting to serfs of the rights of free rural inhabitants.
On improving public order
From the Program of the Russian Social Democratic Party
From the Program of the Constitutional Democratic Party (People's Freedom Party)
Topic: Political events of 1917 and the experience of the formation of Soviet statehood
On the abdication of the Sovereign Emperor Nicholas II from the Russian throne and the abdication of supreme power
On the refusal of Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich to accept the supreme power until the establishment of a form of government and new fundamental laws of the Russian state in the Constituent Assembly
Declaration of the Provisional Government on its composition and tasks
From the Provisional Government
On the introduction of an eight-hour working day, the organization of factory committees and conciliation chambers
On the organization and tasks of peasant councils
From a note from the Provisional Government to the governments of the Allied Powers (“Milyukov’s note”)
On economic policy issues
About the June demonstration of workers, soldiers and working people of Moscow, held under the slogans of the Bolsheviks
About the July events in Petrograd
"About Power"
On the preparation of an armed uprising in Petrograd
Application
About the coming to power of the Bolshevik Party
"On the organization of power"
Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia
“On the destruction of estates and civil ranks”
"On the establishment of the Supreme Council of the National Economy"
"On the nationalization of banks"
“On freedom of conscience, church and religious societies”
From the “Basic Law on the Socialization of the Land”
On the emergency powers of the People's Commissar for Food
On the organization of food brigades
From the Decree on Peace adopted by the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets
About the counter-revolutionary action of the Czechoslovak corps
On the mobilization of workers into the Red Army
"On the construction of the Red Army"
“On the international and internal situation of the Soviet Republic, on the current moment and the Red Army”
On the annulment of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty
On the formation of the Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense
On the strategic position of the Republic at the beginning of 1919.
On the allocation between the producing provinces of grain grain and fodder, subject to alienation at the disposal of the state
"On the attitude towards the Cossacks"
On the organization of intervention in Russia
About the fight against Kolchak
About the fight against Wrangel
About the successful offensive in Crimea
"The wealth of the peasants is the wealth of the Republic"
“On replacing food and raw materials allocation with a tax in kind”
"About exchange"
"On the new economic policy and industry"
About helping the hungry in the Volga region
Declaration on the Formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
From the Basic Law (Constitution) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on January 31, 1924.
Topic: Socio-economic development and political processes in the Soviet Union in 1928-1940.
According to the report of the Central Committee
“On the economic situation of the country and the tasks of the party”
About the mood of workers in the city
“On the implementation of the state national economic plan of 1939”
“On the tasks of party organizations in the field of industry and transport”
“On the results and further tasks of collective farm construction”
On the selection of advanced workers to work in the villages at the expense of 25 thousand
On the policy of collectivization
About mistakes during collectivization
About the activities of the "Industrial Party"
On the need to fight Stalin's dictatorship
On providing benefits to participants in the construction of the White Sea-Baltic Canal named after Comrade. Stalin
About the trial of the anti-Soviet Trotskyist center
"On the cult of personality and its consequences"
Topic: USSR on the eve and during the Great Patriotic War
On the creation of a collective security system in Europe
On mutual assistance between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Czechoslovak Republic
On the accession of the Sudetenland of the Czech Republic to Germany
Non-Aggression Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union
Treaty of Friendship and Border between the USSR and Germany
On the international situation and foreign policy of the USSR on the eve of the Second World War
On the state of the USSR Armed Forces on the eve of the Great Patriotic War
On the preparation of Nazi Germany for an attack on the USSR
About the timing of Germany's attack on the USSR
On German-Soviet economic relations on the eve of the war
About the first day of the Great Patriotic War
On the significance of the Battle of Smolensk
About failure German plan encirclement and capture of Moscow
On the reasons for the military failures of the Red Army in 1941.
On the formation of the State Defense Committee
On the restructuring of the defense industry
About the defeat of Nazi troops at Stalingrad
About the timing of the opening of the second front
On the responsibility of the Nazis for the atrocities committed
On cooperation between the USA, USSR and England in the war against Nazi Germany
About the final defeat of Germany and post-war relations
Topic: Theory and practice of reforming socialism in the USSR
“On the falsification of the so-called case of pest doctors”
“On the criminal anti-party and anti-state actions of Beria”
“On the case of Kuznetsov, Popkov, Voznesensky and others”
“On the amnesty of Soviet citizens who collaborated with the occupiers during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945.”
“On the rehabilitation of persons convicted in the case of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee”
“About the anti-party group of G. M. Malenkov, L. M. Kaganovich, V. M. Molotov.”
“On the presence, movement and composition of prisoners in forced labor camps and colonies of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs for 1953-1955.”
“On the abolition of tuition fees in senior secondary schools, in secondary specialized and higher educational institutions of the USSR”
“On the launch of the first Soviet Earth satellite”
"About Pasternak"
About the events of 1962 in Novocherkassk
“On the situation in agriculture of the USSR”
On building a developed socialist society in the USSR
On the need to change the political system in the USSR
On improving interethnic relations in the USSR
“On the results of the 1st Congress of Independent Labor Movements and Organizations in Novokuznetsk”
On the state sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
About the creation of the movement “Democratic Russia”
On the rehabilitation of repressed peoples
From the Address of the State Committee on the State of Emergency in the USSR to the Soviet people
Statement by M. S. Gorbachev on the resignation of the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee
About the problems of the spiritual life of the country
On the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States
From the Declaration of Independent States
Topic: Russian Federation in the 90s
On a special management regime until the crisis of power is overcome
“On stage-by-stage constitutional reform in the Russian Federation”
“On the termination of the powers of the President of the Russian Federation B.N. Yeltsin.”
“To the citizens of Russia!”
“Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on culture”
Speech by Russian President V.V. Putin at the inauguration ceremony
Topic: The initial stage of Russian history
The first mentions of the Slavs (VI century)
§ 33. In Scythia, the first tribe from the west to live is the Gepids, surrounded by great and glorious rivers; in the north and north-west [through its region] the Tisia (modern Tisza) flows; from the south [this region] is cut off by the great Danubium itself (modern Danube), and from the east by Flutavzium (modern Olt or Prut); swift and full (§ 34) of whirlpools, he, furious, rolls into the waters of Istra. Between these rivers lies Dacia, which, like a crown, is protected by the rocky Alps. On their left slope, descending to the north, starting from the birthplace of the Vistula River, a populous tribe of Veneti settled in vast spaces. Although their names now change according to different clans and localities, they are still predominantly called Sklavens (Slavs) and Ants.
§ 35. The Sklavens live from the city of Novietuna (traditionally identified with the city of Noviodun, modern Isaccea, on the right bank of the Danube, Romania) and the lake called Mursian, to Danaster (modern Dniester), and north to the Viskla; instead of cities they have swamps and forests. The Antes - the strongest of both [tribes] - spread from Danaster to Danapr (modern Dnieper), where the Pontic (Black) Sea forms a bend; these rivers are distant from one another at a distance of many crossings. (...)
§ 119. After the defeat of the Heruli, Germanaric moved an army against the Veneti, who, although worthy of contempt because of [the weakness of their] weapons, were, however, powerful due to their numbers and tried at first to resist. But the great number of those unfit for war is worth nothing, especially in the case when God allows it and a multitude of armed men approach. These [Veneti], as we already said at the beginning of our presentation, precisely when listing the tribes, come from the same root and are now known under three names: Veneti, Antes, Sclaveni. Although now, due to our sins, they are rampant everywhere, but then they all submitted to the power of Germanarich.
Jordan. On the origin and deeds of the Getae / Transl. E. Ch. Skrzhinskaya. St. Petersburg, 1997.
About the settlement of the ancient Slavs
... After a long time, the Slavs settled along the Danube, where now the land is Hungarian and Bulgarian. From those Slavs the Slavs spread throughout the land and were called by their names from the places where they sat. So some, having come, sat down on the river in the name of Morava and were called Moravians, while others called themselves Czechs. And here are the same Slavs: white Croats, and Serbs, and Horutans. When the Volochs attacked the Danube Slavs, and settled among them, and oppressed them, these Slavs came and sat on the Vistula and were called Poles, and from those Poles came Poles, other Poles, Lutichs, other Mazovians, and other Pomeranians.
Likewise, these Slavs came and settled along the Dnieper and were called Polyans, and others Drevlyans, because they sat in the forests, and others sat between Pripyat and the Dvina and were called Dregovichs, others sat along the Dvina and were called Polochans, after a river flowing into the Dvina, called Polota, from which the Polotsk people took their name. The same Slavs who settled near Lake Ilmen were called by their own name Slavs, and built a city and called it Novgorod. And others sat along the Desna, and the Seim, and the Sula, and called themselves northerners. And so I went wild Slavic people, and after his name the letter was called Slavic.
When the glades lived separately in these mountains, there was a path from the Varangians to the Greeks and from the Greeks along the Dnieper, and in the upper reaches of the Dnieper it was dragged to Lovat, and along Lovat you can enter Ilmen, the great lake; The Volkhov flows from the same lake and flows into the Great Lake Nevo, and the mouth of that lake flows into the Varangian Sea. And along that sea you can sail to Rome, and from Rome you can sail along the same sea to Constantinople, and from Constantinople you can sail to the Sea of Pontus, into which the Dnieper River flows. The Dnieper flows from the Okovsky forest and flows to the south, and the Dvina flows from the same forest and heads north, and flows into the Varangian Sea. From the same forest the Volga flows to the east and flows through seventy mouths into the Khvalisskoe Sea. Therefore, from Rus' you can sail along the Volga to the Bolgars and Khvalis, and go east to the inheritance of Sima, and along the Dvina to the land of the Varangians, from the Varangians to Rome, from Rome to the tribe of Khamov. And the Dnieper flows at its mouth into the Pontic Sea; this sea is reputed to be Russian.” (...)
...The Polyans, who lived on their own, as we have already said, were from a Slavic family and only later were called Polyans, and the Drevlyans descended from the same Slavs and were also not immediately called Drevlyans; Radimichi and Vyatichi are from the family of Poles. After all, the Poles had two brothers, Radim, and the other Vyatko; and they came and sat down: Radim on the Sozh, and from him they were called Radimichi, and Vyatko sat down with his family along the Oka, from him the Vyatichi got their name. And the Polyans, Drevlyans, Northerners, Radimichi, Vyatichi and Croats lived in peace among themselves. The Dulebs lived along the Bug, where the Volynians are now, and the Ulichi and Tivertsy sat along the Dniester and near the Danube. There were many of them: they sat along the Dniester all the way to the sea, and their cities have survived to this day; and the Greeks called them “Great Scythia”.
The Tale of Bygone Years. Part 1. Text and translation / Transl. D. S. Likhacheva, B. A. Romanova. M.-L., 1950.
Topic: Kievan Rus
About the Russians (about 949).
§ 9 ...The winter and harsh way of life of these same Russians is this: when the month of November comes, their princes immediately leave Kyiv with all the Russians and go to “Polyudye”, i.e. a circular detour and specifically to the Slavic lands of the Drevlyans, Dregovichs, Krivichis, Northerners and other Slavs paying tribute to the Russians. Having fed there for the whole winter, in April, when the ice on the Dnieper melts, they return to Kyiv again, assemble and equip their ships and set off for Byzantium. (…).
...Modern ships coming to Constantinople and external Rus' come from Novgorod, in which Svyatoslav, the son of the Russian prince Igor, was sitting, as well as from the fortress of Smolensk, from Lyubech, Chernigov and Vyshegrad. They all go down the Dnieper River and gather in the Kyiv fortress, called “Samvata” (?). The tributaries of the Russians - the Slavs, called Krivichi, Polochans and other Slavs - cut down single-tree trees in their mountains in the winter and, having processed them, with the opening of navigation, when the ice melts, they introduce them into nearby lakes. Then, since the lakes flow into the Dnieper, from there they themselves enter the same river, come to Kyiv, pull the boats ashore for rigging and sell them to the Russians. (...) In the month of June, moving along the Dnieper River, they (Russians) descend to Vitechev, a fortress subject to Rus'. After waiting there for 2-3 days until all the boats arrive, they set off and descend along the named Dnieper River.
Konstantin Porphyrogenitus. About managing an empire. M., 1991.
